It was indeed another win for RISC-V as Intel announced a big move to support the pre-silicon development of RISC-V devices with the launch of the Intel Pathfinder for RISC-V, a unified development environment for hobbyists and industries.
Though a major leap for the RISC-V movement, this announcement was quite anticipated as the renewed interest in the RISC-V open-source instruction set architecture which was brought on by ARM’s uncertain fate has over the past few years attracted the attention of some of these industry giants including Intel and AMD.
“Intel Pathfinder for RISC-V represents our ongoing commitment to accelerate the adoption of RISC-V and catalyze the ecosystem around an open-source and standards-based vision.” said Vijay Krishnan, General Manager at Intel’s RISC-V Ventures Division.
The Intel Pathfinder for RISC-V is designed to ease the expansion of SoC architecture, saving time when building and testing different IP resources in a single environment. It provides a variety of RISC-V cores and a set of IPs that can be used on FPGA and simulator platforms. It also has the ability to use leading-edge toolchains and operating systems that facilitate smooth scalability for a broad range of clients.
The Intel Pathfinder for RISC-V comes in two variants; a free Starter Edition aimed at hobbyists, academics, and the research community at large, and a Professional Edition targeted at businesses or commercial developers developing RISC-V-based commercial silicon and software. The Starter Edition which is available for free download includes support for the Eclipse IDE, QEMU virtual simulator, GNU/LLVM tools, and RISC-V CPU support for Linux and other operating systems, while the Professional Edition which will only be made available based on customers’ needs and the underlying product capabilities, offers a wide range of ecosystem support and advanced capabilities like access to Amazon Web Services.
In support of this project, Intel is having major partnerships with key ecosystem participants including MIPS which is supplying its eVocore RISC-V technology to the platform, Codasip (a processor IP provider providing its 32-bit L31 RISC-V core), Cadence (an EDA software provider), Checkpoint Software Technologies (an IoT cybersecurity provider), AWS, SiFive, Linux Foundation, Taiwan’s Andes Technology, Crypto Quantique, Chips Alliance, Codeplay software, OpenHW Group, Fraunhofer IMS, Siemens EDA, Soc. One, STMicroelectronics, IOTech Systems, TerasIC, Imperas Software, and of course, RISC-V International. This broad portfolio of participating partners will help expand the open-source chip design, creating more tools and resources within the RISC-V ecosystem.
According to Calista Redmond, chief executive officer of RISC-V International, the launch of the Intel Pathfinder for RISC-V is indeed a huge milestone that the company is very pleased to see, and it does not only signify
“the rapid adoption of RISC-V as an architecture, but also the valuable role that Intel is playing in making it easier for the ecosystem to benefit from the open and modular RISC-V architecture.”
“The availability of Imperas RISC-V reference models for the Professional Edition of Intel Pathfinder for RISC-V further strengthens the tools available to developers as new silicon designs move from concept to production,” Vijay Krishnan said.
The latest announcements and updates on the Intel Pathfinder for RISC-V can be found on the news page of Intel’s website.
Software download, documentation, and community support to get you started are also available on the website but you have to register or login with an existing account to access them.
The Multiplexer or MUX is a combinational logic circuit that connects one of the several input lines to a single output line. It is a combinational logic circuit and, as such, it is memoryless, without storage, and feedback involved. The multiplexer’s output is solely dependent on the information present on its input lines. In general, the term Multiplexing describes the operation to combine several input lines into a single channel or output line for sending information or data which may be either analog or digital. The input lines are routed or switched to the output one at a time by the application of a control line(s). The multiplexers are like mechanical rotary switches which select one of the lines or channels to be switched to the output. However, in contrast to the rotary switches, the switching of Multiplexers is rapid and yields a high data rate.
Depending on the construction, the Multiplexers can be categorized into Analogue or Digital Multiplexers. The digital multiplexers are constructed using high-speed digital logic gates which are used in Ethernet or LAN etc. Whereas, the analog multiplexers are constructed from Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET), transistors, relays, etc. which are used for switching voltage or current input signals to the output line.
A Basic Multiplexing Switch
In the following figure, a basic rotary one-way switch is shown.
Figure 1: A basic Rotary Switch (Multiplexer)
The rotary switch is a mechanical device with different layers connecting to input lines. The selection of one of the layers or input lines is controlled using a shaft attached to these layers. The mechanism of the rotary switch is such that the rotation of the shaft slides the output line between the layers and ultimately connects one of the inputs to the single output depending on the position of the rotary shaft.
The Multiplexers are also known as “Data Selectors” in digital electronics as they “select” data input lines. On the other hand, they are sometimes referred to as “Channel” selectors in analog electronics as they select one of the voltages or current channels. They are constructed using analog switches such as transistors or MOSFETs as opposed to rotary switches described earlier.
The purpose of the multiplexer is to reduce the number of data or signal lines. For example, when one data line or bus is available and two or more different signals are required to be transmitted using it then multiplexing is applied to achieve this. As explained earlier in the rotary switch operation, input selection or switching is made using the rotary shaft. Likewise, the selection of input lines in multiplexers is controlled using separate input lines which are referred to as “Select Lines”. The logical combination of these Select Lines helps in selecting one of the input lines. For example, a logical “LOW” at the select line means to select Input Line-0, and a logical “HIGH” to select Input Line-1. The data input lines are normally in even numbers and are given by 2n. Whereas, the “n” corresponds to the number of control inputs required for the selection of data input lines.
Multiplexer Symbol
In the following figure, a Multiplexer symbol has been shown. It is the simplest two-line-to-one (2-to-1) Multiplexer.
Figure 2: The Multiplexer symbol
2-to-1 Multiplexer
In the following figure, a 2-to-1 Multiplexer has been shown along with its truth table.
Figure 3: The 2-to-1 Multiplexer along with Truth Table and Switch Analogy
The above 2-to-1 Multiplexer is constructed using only NAND gates. The data input lines are D0, & D1 and Q is the single output. The Select or Control Line is indicated by input A. From the NAND logic and given Truth Table, it is obvious that when Select Input “A” is “LOW” or “0” then Data Line “D1” gets selected as output “Q”. The signals present on “D1” passes through the logic circuit and appear at output “Q”. Whilst, the Data Line “D0” gets blocked when Select Line “A” is set to “LOW”. The input selection phenomena get reversed when Select Line “A” is set to “HIGH” or “1” i.e. the Data Line “D0” connects with the output “Q” and Data Input “D1” gets blocked.
By simply setting the Select Line “A” to “LOW” or “HIGH” logic, the input lines can be switched to the output depending on the logic level of “A”. The given circuit is acting as a Single-Pole-Double-Through (SPDT) switch. As discussed above, with only one (1) Select line i.e. n=1, a total of two (2n = 21 = 2) input lines can be switched. The described circuit is the simplest form of a Multiplexer which is a 2-to-1 Multiplexer. The above logic circuit in Boolean expression can be described as follow:
The above equation upon simplification yields:
The 2-to-1 Multiplexer is the simplest or basic form of a Multiplexer which has only two (2) inputs and one (1) output. In order to increase the number of inputs of a Multiplexer, the same procedure can be followed and a 2-to-1 Multiplexer can be used as a basic building block for the construction of higher input Multiplexers. As mentioned above, the number of inputs of a Multiplexer will be in even numbers so the next stage after two (2) input-Multiplexer is a four (4) input-Multiplexer. For a four (4) input Multiplexer, a total of two (n = 2) Select Lines are required.
4-to-1 Multiplexer
In the following figure, a 4-to-1 Multiplexer has been shown along with its Truth Table.
Figure 4: The 4-to-1 Multiplexer along with Truth Table and Switch Analogy
In the above 4-to-1 Multiplexer, the Data Lines are D0, D1, D2, and D3 and the Select Lines are “a”, and “b”. The Boolean expression of the above given 4-to-1 Multiplexer is:
The 4-to-1 Multiplexer circuit acts as a Quad-Pole-Single-Through (QPST) switch. At any instant, only one of the four inputs will be connected to the output “Q” whilst others remain blocked depending on the logic conditions of Select Lines “A” and “B”. For example, in order to connect the Data Input “D2” to the output, the logic states required are “A=0” and “B=1”. Likewise, other Data Input selections can be made by setting the logic states of Select Lines, accordingly. The selection of Data Lines against the logic states of Select Lines is shown in the following figure.
Figure 5: The logic states of Select Lines and Switching Positions
The input lines of a Multiplexer can be further increased to 8, 16, … etc. by increasing the select lines to 3, 4, … etc., respectively.
The above Multiplexer circuits are constructed by using only NAND logic gates. The 4-to-1 Multiplexer would require seven (7) individual basic logic gates i.e. AND, OR, and NOT for the construction of the same as shown below.
Figure 6: The 4-to-1 Multiplexer using individual gates
The multiplexers which are shown above, 2-to-1 and 4-to-1, have only single output. The 2-to-1 or 4-to-1 Multiplexer can be combined with its duplicate to produce a two (2) output multiplexer circuit. For example, a logic circuit can be constructed using two individual 2-to-1 Multiplexers with their Select Lines combined. Such a Multiplexing circuit, would consist of two 2-to-1 Multiplexers but with only two Select Lines (combined). Each 2-to-1 Multiplexer will be a mirror image of the other and the logic circuit would produce two outputs as shown below. It is referred to as a 4-to-2 Multiplexer.
Figure 7: The 4-to-2 Multiplexer switch and selection diagram
The larger arrangements can be produced by adding the single channel multiplexer(s). Such multi-output multiplexers are commonly used for switching the audio signals in pre-amplifiers or mixers etc.
Adjustable Amplifier Gain Application
Besides the transmission of data over single-line from Multi-inputs, the Multiplexers are also used in the pre-amplification of multi-channel analog audio signals. In the following, an inverting operational amplifier has been shown with multiple feedback paths depending on the audio channels.
Figure 8: The multiple channel gain amplifier using Multiplexer
As it is known that the Amplification or Gain of an inverting operational amplifier is dependent on the Feedback Resistance (Rf) and, as such, a multi-gain amplifier circuit can be achieved by selecting one of the multi-feedback resistance paths one at a time. In order to achieve this, a multiplexer can be used in the feedback paths as shown in the above following figure. Depending on the Select Lines, the feedback path will be selected and the gain of the op-amp, accordingly.
The gain of the input audio signal will be set as per Select Lines which are ultimately setting the feedback resistance of the op-amp.
The Multiplexers are also known as “Data Selectors” because of their capability to select individual data lines. In digital communication, they are used in the transmission of multi-input data over a single transmission line such as in LAN or Ethernet Switches.
The Multiplexers are commonly available in commercial I.C. packages such as in TTL: 74LS1518 (Single 8-to-1), 74LS53 (Dual 4-to-1) Multiplexers, etc. The number of inputs of a multiplexer can be increased by cascading the aforementioned TTL devices. Most of the commercial I.C. packages come with inverted “NOT” output in addition to the non-inverted output. Hence, a complemented output of the input data signal is also made available at the terminal.
Conclusion
A Multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit with the ability to switch one of the several input lines to a single common output line.
Being a combinational logic circuit, the Multiplexer’s output is dependent on the state of inputs only and, as such, uses no memory, storage, and a feedback path.
The simplest form of a Multiplexer is a Rotary Switch which connects one of the several inputs to the single output depending on the shaft position.
The selection of individual input lines is made through the “Select” or “Control” line(s). The number of “Select” or “Control” lines yields the number of Input Lines that can be controlled i.e. 2n. Where “n” represents the number of “Select” or “Control” lines. For example, in a multiplexer with two (n=2) Select Lines, a total of four (2n = 22 = 4) Input Lines can be controlled. Because of this, the number of Input Lines is in even numbers.
Digital multiplexers are used for the transmission of serial data over a single line, selection of data bus, etc. Analog multiplexers are commonly used in the pre-amplification or mixing of audio, and video signals.
The Multiplexers are commercially available in form of I.C. packages such as 74LS1518 (Single 8-to-1), and 74LS53 (Dual 4-to-1).
Axiomtek – a world-renowned leader relentlessly devoted to the research, development, and manufacturing of innovative and reliable industrial computer products of high efficiency – is glad to introduce the IMB540, a superior industrial ATX motherboard featuring the LGA1700 socket for the 12th generation Intel® Core™ i9/i7/i5/i3 processors (code name: Alder Lake-S). In addition to providing high computing performance, the IMB540 ATX motherboard features quad displays and dual GPU expansion, delivering intelligent workload optimization and highly scalable graphics for next-gen edge AIoT applications.
The Axiomtek’s IMB540 is built with Intel® R680E chipset and features ranging CPU options with the 12th generation Intel® Core™, Intel® Pentium® and Intel® Celeron® processors. In addition to this, it is equipped with four DDR4-3200 ECC/non-ECC un-buffered Long-DIMM slots with a total capacity of 128GB. This motherboard has a total of five PCIe slots – two PCIe 4.0 x16 slots and three PCIe x4 slots – for GPU, AI acceleration, frame grabber, NIC, and motion control card configurations. The networking interfaces consist of a 2.5GbE LAN port with time-sensitive networking (TSN), a GbE LAN port, as well as a PCIe Mini Card slot with SIM slot for Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/LTE connectivity. Featuring Intel® Iris® Xe Graphics, the IMB540 supports up to four independent displays via HDMI, DVI-D, VGA, and DisplayPort++.
Advanced Features of IMB540:
LGA1700 socket 12th gen Intel® Core™ i9/i7/i5/i3, Pentium® or Celeron® processor (Alder Lake-S)
Four 288-pin DDR4-3200 ECC/non-ECC un-buffered Long-DIMM, up to 128GB
DisplayPort++, VGA, DVI-D and HDMI with quad view supported
Dual PCIe 4.0 x16 for GPU acceleration cards
One 2.5 GbE LAN (Intel® Ethernet Controller I225-LM) with TSN feature, Intel® AMT with vPro®
One M.2 Key M 2280 for NVMe SSD
One PCIe Mini slot for wireless connection
Four USB 3.2 Gen2 and four USB 3.2 Gen1
TPM 2.0 supported (optional)
For storage, there are four SATA 3.0 ports with integrated RAID 0/1/5/10 and additional storage is available via an M.2Key M 2280 slot with PCIe x4 signal for NVMe SSD. The USB interface support includes four USB 3.2 Gen2, four USB 3.2 Gen1, and five USB 2.0 ports. The board is further equipped with four RS-232, two RS-232/422/485, 8-channel programmable digital I/O, one HD Codec audio, one SMBus, and one PS/2 keyboard and mouse. Likewise, to ensure reliable performance across platforms, the well-designed industrial ATX motherboard can withstand a wide operating temperature range from 0°C to 60°C. It supports onboard Trusted Platform Module 2.0 (TPM) to provide hardware-based data protection. In addition, the IMB540 supports Windows® 10 and Linux operating systems.
“The IMB540 drives excellent AI computing performance and serves with sufficient I/O, high-speed interfaces, the capability of multi-display connection and flexible expansion slots that achieves adequate AI application in practice, such as medical imaging, video surveillance, computer vision, data analysis and so on,” said Kasper Tsai, the product manager of the AIoT Team at Axiomtek. “Moreover, we have the capability to assist with any customer’s industrial integration requirements and achieve fast time to market.”
The IMB540 is available for purchase now. For further product information or customization services, please visit our global website at www.axiomtek.com or contact sales representatives at info@axiomtek.com.tw.
Rohde & Schwarz is adding a completely new series to its oscilloscope portfolio that delivers a number of industry firsts. The new R&S MXO 4 series oscilloscopes feature the world’s fastest real-time update rate of over 4.5 million acquisitions per second. Development engineers can now see more signal detail and infrequent events than with any other oscilloscope. The 12-bit ADC in the R&S MXO 4 series has 16 times the resolution of traditional 8-bit oscilloscopes at all sample rates without any tradeoffs for more precise measurements. A standard acquisition memory of 400 Mpts on all four channels gives the instrument up to 100 times the standard memory of comparable instruments.
Rohde & Schwarz presents the new R&S MXO 4 series, the first in the next generation of oscilloscopes. The R&S MXO 4 oscilloscopes come in four-channel models with bandwidths of 200 MHz, 350 MHz, 500 MHz, 1 GHz, and 1.5 GHz. They have a starting price of 7,600 euros, many unparalleled functions, and excel in both performance and value.
Instant view of signal details
R&S MXO 4 series oscilloscopes boast the world’s fastest update rate of 4.5 M acquisitions per second, revealing more signal activity than any other available oscilloscope. Development teams can quickly see and isolate infrequent events, get a better understanding of physical layer signals and test faster. This is unparalleled in the industry.
A unique 200 Gbps processing ASIC makes this feature possible. It is one of several new technology blocks Rohde & Schwarz engineers developed and implemented for the first time in the R&S MXO 4 series. Dr. Andreas Werner, Vice President of Oscilloscopes at Rohde & Schwarz, explains:
“The new hardware and software technology blocks and architecture allowed our development team to achieve a once-in-a-decade engineering breakthrough. Our customers will experience a whole new level of performance, and all at a price more affordable than has ever been seen on the market.”
Lower measurement noise and the highest available vertical resolution
The R&S MXO 4 series incorporates a 12-bit ADC that operates across all the instrument sample rates with an 18-bit vertical resolution architecture for greater precision than any other oscilloscope. The R&S MXO 4 series also has the lowest noise and largest offset range (+/- 5V with a 500uV/div scaling) in its class. Users can see DC and other signals with more precision than with any other oscilloscope on the market.
Deepest standard memory
In addition to bandwidth and sample rate, memory depth is an important factor and determines whether an oscilloscope can handle a large range of troubleshooting tasks. More acquisition memory enables oscilloscopes to capture more time and retain rated bandwidth information for shorter time base settings. With a simultaneous standard acquisition memory of 400 Mpts on all four channels, the R&S MXO 4 series has up to 100 times the standard memory of its primary competition. The additional memory also provides extra measurement capability when needed.
High-precision digital trigger
Once only available in higher performance oscilloscopes with higher price points, the digital trigger comes standard with all R&S MXO 4 series oscilloscopes. The trigger sensitivity of 1/10 000 division can isolate difficult-to-find small physical layer anomalies in the presence of large signals. No competitive oscilloscope has this degree of trigger sensitivity for isolating small signals. The digital trigger complements the 18-bit vertical architecture, allowing users to fully utilize the precision of the R&S MXO 4 series.
Superior RF measurement capability
Many development engineers need to debug products and test in both the time and frequency domains. In addition to time domain measurements, R&S MXO 4 series oscilloscopes have superior RF spectrum measurement capabilities. They are the first oscilloscopes to perform 45 000 FFTs (Fast Fourier Transforms) per second, while comparable oscilloscopes deliver fewer than 10 FFTs per second. This base feature lets engineers view more RF signals than with any other oscilloscope in its class.
Enhanced user experience
Using an oscilloscope is a visual experience, where a lot of time is spent viewing a display. The R&S MXO 4 series incorporates a 13.3” full-HD capacitive touchscreen and an intuitive user interface. The instrument’s small footprint, audible noise of less than a whisper, VESA mounting and a rackmount kit for installation in integrated environments make R&S MXO 4 oscilloscopes ideal for any engineering workspace.
When users have more demands, a number of upgrade options are available, including 16 integrated digital channels with a mixed signal oscilloscope (MSO) option, an integrated dual channel 100 MHz arbitrary generator, protocol decode and triggering options for a variety of industry standard buses and other options that expand the oscilloscope’s capabilities.
The new R&S MXO 4 series oscilloscopes are now available from Rohde & Schwarz and selected distribution channel partners. For more information go to: https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/MXO4
A worldwide network of top electronic component distributors, printed circuit board (PCB) tool makers, and media sites have partnered with SnapEDA to provide time-saving, trusted design resources to engineers
Today, SnapEDA, the first search engine for electronics design is launching the SnapEDA Syndication Network. This ecosystem of over 30 distribution partners, includes electronic component distributors, printed circuit board (PCB) tool makers, and engineering media sites.
The SnapEDA Syndication Network connects the electronic designers and engineers who are at the heart of the electronic industry with design content for millions of electronic components.
This content helps engineers design faster, grows revenue and loyalty for distributors, and allows chip and component manufacturers to get valuable design wins.
Over 80% of engineers that download SnapEDA’s design content purchase the product. This creates a competitive advantage for electronic component distributors and manufacturers that are a part of SnapEDA’s network, enabling them to win sales earlier in the design process.
Global spending on digital transformation is expected to reach an all-time high of $6.8 trillion in 2023. As a result of the global pandemic and heightened demand for self-serve component selection tools, component manufacturers are increasingly investing in digital demand generation technologies. In addition to helping engineers find the parts they need, SnapEDA uniquely translates this demand into seamless design-ins, securing the win for component manufacturers.
“Before meeting SnapEDA we were very reactive with our CAD models and only provided them once they were requested. In today’s self-service approach to design, that strategy is no longer effective. SnapEDA has helped us to not only proactively provide CAD models for over 1 million of our products, but also to reach millions of engineers worldwide via their Syndication Network” Said Daniel Williams, CIO at Samtec.
“At SnapEDA, our mission is to help engineers design electronics faster so they can spend more time innovating. By providing our trusted design content everywhere – including the world’s leading distributors and PCB tools – we’re able to boost productivity for even more engineers worldwide for a frictionless design flow” said Natasha Baker, CEO and Founder of SnapEDA.
Partners in the network include Digi-Key, Autodesk Fusion360, RS Components DesignSpark, Cadence, Mouser, Zuken eCADSTAR, Distrelec, Online Components, Master Electronics, Octopart, DipTrace, Proteus, TraceParts, IHS Markit, PartsBox, Semikart, Devicemart, ExpressPCB, TARGET 3001!, Cadenas, Electronics Lab, Seeed Studio, Inventhub, OEM Secrets, Cofactr, Sourceability, Endeavor Business Media and PCBWay. Five new partners are signed and scheduled to launch in the coming months.
Engineers can also auto-import CAD models with SnapEDA plugins for Altium, KiCAD, Eagle, and PCB123.
Supported content includes schematic symbols, PCB footprints, and 3D mechanical models for millions of manufacturers’ parts. This content is compatible with over 20 PCB design formats.
Rugged phones are designed for specialized purposes, and for that reason, rugged phones are the best ways to test out new techs. One of the most memorable ones is Doogee’s S96 Pro. It is the first smartphone with a night vision camera. Two years on, after a million were sold and shipped worldwide, Doogee is resurrecting it as S96 GT with updated features.
The company made sure to keep enough features to preserve its appeal and charm. Doogee S96 GT has the same design as its predecessor with improvements in its memory, chipset, selfie camera, and OS. Talking about the appearance, the S96 GT will have a special limited edition yellow gold variant.
Talking of improvements, the new S96 GT will use the MediaTek Helio G95 chipset with improvements over the Helio G90 the S96 Pro used. With this chipset, this newer model will be faster, smoother, and more reliable. The base storage also saw a sizable increment from 128GB in the Pro model to 256GB in the newer S96 GT model. Even better, the S96 GT has an SD card slot that will allow you to expand up to 1TB.
Doogee’s S96 Pro was the first device to launch with a night vision camera. The S96 GT will also carry this feature but with a new improved capability to capture anything within a 15m range.
Another area the S96 GT improves over the S96 Pro is with the selfie camera. The newer model sports a 32MP selfie clicker instead of a 16MP front camera on the older model. Also, the new Doogee S96 GT will run the latest Android 12 OS out of the box.
As mentioned earlier, the company kept many things the same in the newer model. This includes the 6.22” display with Corning Gorilla Glass protection, the 6320mAh battery, and the 48MP + 20MP + 8MP camera setup on the back.
Other similarities are IP68 and IP69K ratings which makes both the S96 Pro and S96 GT water-resistant. They are also MIL-STD-810H certified which means they are usable in extreme weather without any problem. Doogee S96 GT will also run Android 12 out of the box instead of the Android 10 the Pro model ship with. The S96 GT is expected to launch on AliExpress and Doogeemall in mid-October with exciting discounts and coupons. There is also a way to win a free one through a giveaway. Interested people can visit the Doogee S96 GT’s official website to learn more.
Optimized performance, efficiency, and reliability in high-voltage power supplies need to be combined with reduced bill-of-material (BOM) count and cost, as well as lower design efforts. With its 5 th generation fixed-frequency (FF) CoolSET™ portfolio, Infineon Technologies AG offers the right components to meet these needs and effectively manage the critical design trade-offs. The new 800 V and 950 V AC-DC integrated power stages (IPS) are housed in a DIP-7 package and address applications such as auxiliary power supplies for home appliances, AC-DC converters, battery chargers, solar energy systems, and motor control and drives.
The FF CoolSET solution combines a PWM controller IC with the latest high voltage CoolMOS™ P7 superjunction (SJ) MOSFETs in a single package. The extended portfolio now includes the first device on the market that uses an avalanche-rugged SJ MOSFET with a breakdown voltage of 950 V to allow for a wider input voltage. The new devices enable both isolated and non-isolated topologies such as flyback or buck and operate at switching frequencies of 100 kHz as well as 65 kHz. Accommodating both the cost-efficient buck topology and flyback in one single device simplifies the supply chain for customers. An integrated error amplifier supports direct feedback from the primary output, which is typical for non-isolated topologies. Moreover, this further minimizes the number of components and design complexity.
The frequency reduction mode with soft gate driving and frequency jitter operation offers lower EMI and enhances the efficiency between mid- and light load conditions. The devices also support continuous (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). For low AC line input conditions, CCM operation can achieve lower conduction losses and, thus, a higher efficiency to meet international regulatory standards for energy efficiency. At the same time, the integrated MOSFET supports an ultra-wide input voltage range commonly associated with single-phase smart metering and industrial applications. In addition, the devices help to optimize the snubber circuitry to further enhance the efficiency and lower the standby power consumption of the converter.
All new devices offer a high level of integration and come with a comprehensive suite of protection features with auto-restart to support the power supply system in failure situations. These protection features, together with the high breakdown voltage of the SJ MOSFET, ensure an increased power supply robustness. On top of that, the active burst mode (ABM) improves the light-load performance and enables ultra-low standby power consumption with small and controllable output voltage ripple.
Availability
The new fixed-frequency 800 V and 950 V CoolSET™ 5 th generation product portfolio of AC-DC IPS is available now in a DIP-7 package. More information is available at www.infineon.com/coolset-ff.
Crocus Technology 0A to 65A Integrated Current Sensors have a 1MHz Bandwidth and better than 1% accuracy. The sensors feature high-speed operation and accurate output to optimize system design for smaller sizes and higher efficiency. The XtremeSense TMR sensor is a design solution that combines high bandwidth response and high accuracy.
ABLIC’s automotive voltage tracker contributes to high-accuracy sensing
ABLIC’s S-19720 is a voltage tracker with a low offset voltage of ±5 mV. This helps keep the power supply voltage of the off-board ratiometric sensor equal to the reference voltage (VREF) of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) handling ECU measurements, raising sensor reading accuracy.
The S-19720 also integrates an overcurrent protection circuit, a thermal shutdown circuit, and a reverse current protection function. As a result, it will protect an ECU even in the event of a short to power/short to ground in a wire harness. The S-19720 achieves low current consumption during power-off of 4 µA (typical) when this function operates.
Bosch Sensortec’s low-power six-axis IMU is ideal for mobile applications
Bosch Sensortec’s BMI323 is a general-purpose, low-power inertial measurement unit (IMU) that combines precise acceleration and angular rate (gyroscopic) measurement with intelligent on-chip motion-triggered interrupt features. The six-axis IMU comprises a 16-bit triaxial gyroscope, a 16-bit triaxial accelerometer, and a 16-bit digital temperature sensor in a miniature 2.5 mm x 3.0 mm x 0.83 mm (14-pin) LGA package.
Applications
Notebooks and tablets
Wearable devices such as smartwatches and sports and fitness devices
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The above equation upon simplification yields:
The 4-to-1 Multiplexer circuit acts as a Quad-Pole-Single-Through (QPST) switch. At any instant, only one of the four inputs will be connected to the output “Q” whilst others remain blocked depending on the logic conditions of Select Lines “A” and “B”. For example, in order to connect the Data Input “D2” to the output, the logic states required are “A=0” and “B=1”. Likewise, other Data Input selections can be made by setting the logic states of Select Lines, accordingly. The selection of Data Lines against the logic states of Select Lines is shown in the following figure.
