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Brushed DC Motor Controller Using Rotary Encoder – Arduino Compatible

This DC Motor controller provides direction and speed control of brushed DC Motor using Rotary Encoder. This is Arduino compatible hardware that consists of LMD18201 DC motor driver chip, Atmega328 microcontroller, Rotary Encoder, L317 regulator, and other components.  Hardware offers easy control of brushed DC motor up to 3A with speed, direction, and brake control. The encoder includes a tactile switch, which can be used to control the ON/OFF or Direction of the motor and the encoder helps to set the speed.

Learn more about Rotary Encoder

A rotary encoder is a type of position sensor which is used for determining the angular position of a rotating shaft. It generates two pulses, according to the rotational movement, these two pulses determine the direction of the shaft and angular position, this encoder is also included with a mechanical switch. Switch and encoder help to control the DC motor speed and direction.

The project can be described in 3 parts, Atmega328 Microcontroller, LMD18201 DC Motor H-bridge, and Rotary Encoder.  This board can control DC motor up to 48V DC and continued current up to 3A, peak current 6A.

Arduino Code

It is Arduino-compatible hardware and a new Atmega328 chip requires bootloader programming and Arduino code upload. Follow the link below for more info on programming and boot-loader burning.

Credits: This is modified Arduino Code, Original Author of the code https://www.brainy-bits.com

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ArduinoToBreadboard

Arduino Example code provided to test the board, with this code user will be able to test the hardware. Code may be modified as per requirement.

Arduino Pins Vs LMD18201 Motor Driver Pins

  • Arduino Digital D5>>PWM Pin LMD18201,
  • Arduino Digital Pin D11 >> Direction Pin LMD18201,
  • Arduino Analog Pin A1 >> Brake Pin LMD18201 (Close the jumper J1 for Normal Operations If Brake Function Not Required)
  • Arduino Digital Pin D2 >> Encoder Channel A- Pin Pulled Up using R7-10K
  • Arduino Digital Pin D3>> Encoder Channel B- Pin Pulled Up using R8-10K
  • Arduino Digital Pin D4>> Tactile Switch of Encoder – Pulled Up using R9-10K

Features

  • Operating Power-Supply 12V to 24V DC (For Motor 25V to 48V Power Refer the Note)
  • Motor Load 3Amps
  • D1 Power LED
  • Encoder with Switch = Motor Direction CW/CCW and Speed Control
  • PWM Duty Cycle Adjustable 0 to 100% (Frequency 975Hz)
  • Onboard L317 Regulator provides 5V to Atmega328
  • PCB Dimensions 66.83 x 41.91 mm

Power Supply

Motor 12 to 24V can work with a single supply, apply 12 to 24V at CN2, close Jumper J2. To drive a higher voltage motor, the circuit requires 2 separate power supplies, for logic and motor, in this case, open the jumper J2, use CN2 to apply motor supply 25V to 48V, and CN1 7V to 24V logic supply.

Heat-sink

Large Size heatsink with fan recommended on LMD18201 chip if the motor is running on full power 3Amps.

LMD18201

The LMD18201 is a 3A H-Bridge designed for motion control applications. The device is built using a multi-technology process that combines bipolar and CMOS control circuitry with DMOS power devices on the same monolithic structure. The H-Bridge configuration is ideal for driving DC and stepper motors. The LMD18201 accommodates peak output currents up to 6A. Current sensing can be achieved via a small sense resistor connected in series with the power ground lead. For current sensing without disturbing the path of current to the load, the LMD18200 is recommended.

Schematic

Parts List

NO.QNTY.REF.DESCMANUFACTURERSUPPLIERPART NO
11CN14 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MMWURTHDIGIKEY732-5317-ND
21CN22 PIN SCREW TERMINAL PITCH 5.08MMPHOENIXDIGIKEY277-1247-ND
32C5,C60.1uF/50V SMD SIZE 0805YAGEO/MURATADIGIKEY
41C210uF/6.3V SMD SIZE 1206YAGEO/MURATADIGIKEY
56R2,R7,R8,R910K 5% SMD SIZE 0805YAGEO/MURATADIGIKEY
61C7470uF/50V OR 63VNICHICONDIGIKEY493-12789-3-ND
72C8,C922PF/50V SMD SIZE 0805YAGEO/MURATADIGIKEY
81D1LED RED SMD SIZE 0805LITEON INCDIGIKEY160-1427-1-ND
92J1,J22 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MMWURTHDIGIKEY
101J1,J2JUMPER-SHUNT SULINSDIGIKEYS9001-ND
111MG12 PIN SCREW TERMINAL PITCH 5.08MMPHOENIXDIGIKEY277-1247-ND
122R1,R6680E 1% SMD SIZE 0805YAGEO/MURATADIGIKEY
131R41M 5% SMD SIZE 0805YAGEO/MURATADIGIKEY
141R5220E 1% SMD SIZE 0805YAGEO/MURATADIGIKEY
151CN3/SW1ROTARY ENCODER EN11-HSM1BF20TT ELECTRONICSDIGIKEY987-1398-ND
161U1ATMEGA328DIPMICROCHIPDIGIKEYATMEGA328-PU-ND
171U2LMD18201TIDIGIKEYLMD18201T/NOPB-ND
181U3LM317ON SEMIDIGIKEYLM317MDTRKGOSCT-ND
191Y116MHZECS INCDIGIKEYX1103-ND
202C3,C40.01UF/63V KEMETDIGIKEY399-5437-ND
211C10.1UF/63VEPCOS/TDKDIGIKEY495-2479-1-ND

Function Diagram

Connections

Gerber View

Photos

Video

LMD18201 Datasheet

LTM8045 – Inverting or SEPIC μModule (Power Module) DC/DC Converter with Up to 700mA Output Current

Posted on by mixos

The LTM8045 from Analog Devices is a DC to DC Converter with Input Voltage 2.8 to 18.0 V, Output Voltage 1 2.5 to 15.0 V, Output Current 1 700 to 375 mA, Output Voltage 2 -15.0 to -2.5 V, Output Current 2 375 to 700 mA. Tags: Surface Mount, Buck/Step down. More details for LTM8045 can be seen below.

The LTM8045 is a μModule® (power module) DC/DC converter that can be configured as a SEPIC or inverting converter by simply grounding the appropriate output rail. In a SEPIC configuration the regulated output voltage can be above, below or equal to the input voltage. The LTM8045 includes power devices, inductors, control circuitry and passive components. All that is needed to complete the design are input and output capacitors, and small resistors to set the output voltage and switching frequency. Other components may be used to control the soft-start and undervoltage lockout.

The LTM8045 is packaged in a compact (6.25mm × 11.25mm) overmolded ball grid array (BGA) package suitable for automated assembly by standard surface mount equipment. The LTM8045 is available with SnPb (BGA) or RoHS compliant terminal finish.

Features

  • SEPIC or Inverting Topology
  • Wide Input Voltage Range: 2.8V to 18V
  • Up to 700mA Output Current at VIN = 12V, VOUT = 2.5V or –2.5V
  • Up to 375mA Output Current at VIN = 12V, VOUT =15V or –15V
  • 2.5V to 15V or –2.5V to –15V Output Voltage
  • Selectable Switching Frequency: 200kHz to 2MHz
  • Programmable Soft-Start
  • User Configurable Undervoltage Lockout
  • 6.25mm × 11.25mm × 4.92mm BGA Package

more information: https://www.analog.com/en/products/ltm8045.html

ROHM’s New Compact Surface Mount 45W Output AC/DC Converter ICs: Equipped with Integrated High Voltage SJ MOSFET

Posted on by mixos

ROHM’s BM2P06x compact surface mount 45 W output AC/DC converter ICs reduce power consumption

ROHM’s compact surface mount high power 45 W models BM2P06xMF-Z are equipped with an original low-loss SJ (super junction) MOSFET and optimized PWM control circuitry, facilitating the development of 85 V to 264 V AC/DC converters. Adopting a surface mount package supports automatic board mounting, which proved difficult in the past. Meanwhile, the implemented functions ensure compliance with the IEC62368 safety standard, even when the discharge resistor (a source of loss during standby) is removed. Additionally, original low standby power control technology is applied, resulting in extremely low standby power consumption. Supply voltages up to 60 V (VCC) are also supported, eliminating the need for an external step-down power supply circuit.

Features

  • 45 W class surface mount package significantly reduces factory mounting costs
  • Reduces standby power consumption by 90% or more over standard products
  • Decreases the number of power supply circuit components by four along with the risk of power semiconductor failure, contributing to higher reliability

more information: https://www.rohm.com/products/power-management/ac-dc-converters-ics/ac-dc-converters-ics-pwm-qr/bm2p064h-z-product#productDetail

Maxim Integrated MAX17291B High-Voltage Micropower Boost Converter

Posted on by mixos

Maxim Integrated MAX17291B High-Voltage Micropower Boost Converter is a low quiescent current (IQ) step-up DC-DC converter with a 1A peak inductor current limit and True Shutdown™. The True Shutdown mode disconnects the output from the input with no forward or reverse current. Meanwhile, the output voltage is set with an external resistor divider.

The Maxim Integrated MAX17291B Converter provides high efficiency throughout the load range and a 6-Bump WLP package size. The highly-integrated boost converter is ideal for high voltage applications and tiny solution sizes, such as sensor modules. The MAX17291B integrates a power switch, power diode, and output load switch.

The MAX17291B Micropower Boost Converter is housed in a small 6-bump WLP with an operating temperature range of -40°C to +125°C.

Application Circuit

Features

  • 28µA Quiescent supply current from the input
  • Output short circuit protection
  • Overtemperature protection
  • True shutdown mode
    • 13nA Shutdown current
    • No reverse current from OUT
  • 90% Peak efficiency
  • 1.8V to 4.5V Input range
  • 5.5V to 20V Output voltage range
  • 100mA Peak inductor current limit
  • 1.27mm x 0.87mm 6-Bump WLP (3mm x 2mm, 0.4mm pitch) package
  • -40°C to +125°C Temperature range

more information: https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/power/switching-regulators/MAX17291.html

B&K Precision Model 2194 4-Channel Digital Storage Oscilloscope

Posted on by mixos

B&K Precision Model 2194 4-Channel Digital Storage Oscilloscope provides 100MHz of bandwidth, a maximum sample rate of 1GSa/s, and a maximum memory depth of 14Mpts. Equipped with a 7″ LCD display and a waveform update rate of 100,000 waveforms per second, this device can capture infrequent glitches with excellent signal fidelity. With free PC software for remote connectivity, users can increase productivity through LAN or USBTMC-compliant device ports. All the oscilloscope functions are accessible without the need for programming. These functions conveniently capture, save, and analyze measurement results.

Trigger modes include serial bus triggering with decoding support for I2C, SPI, UART, CAN, and LIN protocols. In applications where signals are transmitted over long periods of time, segmented acquisition mode and history can extend waveform recording up to 80,000 segments. Collect data using automatic measurements for 38 different parameters, including statistical analysis. Display signals in the frequency domain using the FFT math operation with a maximum memory depth of 128kpts. Rich in features for its class, 2194 is the ideal solution for educational settings and hobbyists.

Features

  • 100MHz bandwidth
  • 4x analog channels
  • Maximum sample rate of 1GSa/s
  • 14Mpts memory depth
  • Maximum waveform update rates of 100,000 (normal mode) and 400,000 (sequence mode) waveforms per second
  • 7” TFT-LCD with 800 x 480 resolution
  • Color temperature display mode and 256 level intensity grading
  • Edge, Slope, Pulse Width, Window, Runt, Interval, Dropout, Pattern, and Serial trigger types
  • Segmented acquisition and history function (up to 80,000 segments)
  • Automatic measurements for 38 parameters and statistics feature
  • FFT and 7 additional math operations
  • Masking tool with adjustable limits for pass/fail testing
  • USB host port for saving and recalling setups, data, and screenshots
  • USBTMC-compliant device port and LAN interfaces standard
  • Multi-language support

Specifications

  • 100MHz bandwidth (-3dB)
  • <3.5ns rise time (10% to 90%)
  • AC input
    • 100VAC to 240VAC at 50/60Hz
    • 100VAC to 120VAC at 400Hz
  • Temperature ranges
    • 0 to +40°C operating
    • -20°C to +60°C storage
  • 85% relative humidity
  • 312mm x 151mm x 132.6mm (12.28″ x 5.94″ x 5.22″) in dimension
  • 3-year warranty
  • Standard accessories
    • 1x power cord
    • 1x USB cable
    • 4x passive probes
    • Certificate of calibration

more information: https://www.bkprecision.com

Monolithic Power Systems (MPS) MPQ5071-AEC1 Programmable Load Switch

Posted on by mixos

Monolithic Power Systems (MPS) MPQ5071-AEC1 Programmable Load Switch provides 0.5A of load protection across a 0.5V to 5.5V voltage range. With low RDS(ON) in a tiny package, the MPQ5071-AEC1 provides a highly efficient, space-saving solution for notebooks, tablets, and other portable device applications. The Soft-Start (SS) function of the device avoids inrush current during circuit start-up. The MPQ5071-AEC1 also provides a programmable Soft-Start time, output discharge functions, overcurrent protection (OCP), and thermal shutdown.

The maximum load at the output source of the MPQ5071-AEC1 is current-limited, which is accomplished utilizing a sense MOSFET topology. The magnitude of the current limit is controlled by an external resistor from the ILIM pin to ground (GND). An internal charge pump drives the power device gate, allowing a low on-resistance DMOS power MOSFET of just 50mΩ.

The Monolithic Power Systems (MPS) MPQ5071-AEC1 is available in a compact 2.0mm x 2.0mm Quad Flat No-Lead (QFN) package and is AEC-Q100 qualified for automotive applications.

Application Circuit

Features

  • 0.5V to 5.5V VIN range
  • <5µA shutdown current
  • Integrated 50mΩ low RDS(ON) MOSFETs
  • 5A load current
  • Push/pull Power Good (PG) indicator
  • Adjustable start-up slew rate
  • Output discharge
  • Short-Circuit Protection (SCP) <200ns
  • Thermal shutdown protection
  • 1.6W continuous power dissipation
  • -40°C to +125°C operating junction temperature
  • 2.0mm x 2.0mm QFN-12 Package
  • AEC-Q100 Grade 1 qualified
  • Lead-free, halogen-free, and RoHS compliant

more information:  https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/mpq5071-aec1.html

Boolean Algebra Truth Tables

Boolean Algebra Truth Tables

A digital logic circuit can be represented by an equation in the form of Boolean Expression which describes the relationship of inputs and outputs of each logic gate with others. The overall function of a Boolean Expression and of each individual logic can also be expressed in table form which is called a Truth Table. The Boolean Expression of the digital circuit is used to construct a Truth Table for its respective function. The Truth Table comprises of inputs and outputs. The total number of inputs available to a digital logic circuit constitutes the inputs and are constructed for each possible state or combination. The function of each logic gate and of the overall digital circuit represents the output. These outputs are determined for each possible state or combination of inputs.

The number of possible states or combinations can be calculated using the following formula:

Number of the Input States or Combinations = 2n

Where “n” represents a total number of inputs a digital logic gate or circuit.

For example, using the above formula, a total of four (4) combinations of states for two inputs are possible. As it is already known from previous articles, that logic gates input and output states are represented in Boolean logic data type which has only two states i.e. “ON” = “1” = “TRUE” & “OFF” = “0” = “FALSE”. However, in Truth Tables, most commonly the states are represented by “1” & “0” Boolean types which are equal to bit values as well. The combinations of states for two inputs (X & Y) are:

Input Combination 1 = [X=0, Y=0]

Input Combination 2 = [X=0, Y=1]

Input Combination 3 = [X=1, Y=0]

Input Combination 4 = [X=1, Y=1]

For a three-input logic gate or circuit, a total of eight (8) combinations are possible using above given formula. The combinations of states for two inputs (X, Y & Z) are:

Input Combination 1 = [X=0, Y=0, Z=0]

Input Combination 2 = [X=0, Y=0, Z=1]

Input Combination 3 = [X=0, Y=1 Z=0]

Input Combination 4 = [X=0, Y=1, Z=1]

Input Combination 5 = [X=1, Y=0, Z=0]

Input Combination 6 = [X=1, Y=0, Z=1]

Input Combination 7 = [X=1, Y=1, Z=0]

Input Combination 8 = [X=1, Y=1, Z=1]

Similarly, a four-input logic gate or circuit can have a total of 16 possible combinations. However, in this article, more than a three-input logic gate or circuit is not used for the sake of simplicity. The Truth Tables constructed for two and three inputs represents the logic that can be used to construct Truth Tables for a digital circuit having any number of inputs.

The Truth Tables of logic gates along with their symbols and expressions are given below.

NOT Gate

It is a single input gate and inverts or complements the input. For example, it outputs a “TRUE” or “1” when input is “FALSE” or “0” and vice versa.

OR Gate

The OR gate outputs “TRUE” or “1” for all input combinations except when all of its inputs are “FALSE” or “0”.

For two-inputs OR gate:

For three-inputs OR gate:

AND Gate

The AND gate outputs “TRUE” or “1” only when all of its inputs are “TRUE” or “1”.

For a two-inputs AND gate:

For a three-input AND gate:



NOR Gate

The NOR gate is the inverted form of OR gate i.e. a NOT gate is placed at the of an OR gate constitute a NOR gate. It outputs “FALSE” or “0” for all input combinations except when all of its inputs are “FALSE” or “0”.

For two-inputs NOR gate:

For three-inputs NOR gate:

NAND Gate

The NAND gate is the inverted form of AND gate i.e. a NOT gate is placed at the of a AND gate constituting a NAND gate. It outputs “FALSE” or “0” only when all of its inputs are “TRUE” or “1”.

For two-inputs NAND gate:

For three-inputs NAND gate:

Besides, the above-mentioned logic gates, the Exclusive-OR (XOR) and Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gates represent the most widely and commonly used logic. These logics are used in arithmetic computations and data checking circuits etc. Due to their importance in logic circuits, they are available in digital I.C. packages and hereby included in the article.

Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate

The Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate outputs “TRUE” or “1” if either input is in “TRUE” or “1” state. Its output is “FALSE” or “0” when inputs are in the same state.

For two-inputs XOR gate:

For three-inputs XOR gate:

Exclusive-NOR (XOR) Gate

The Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gate inverts the Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. Its output is “FLASE” or “0” if either input is in the “TRUE” or “1” state. Its output is “TRUE” or “1” when inputs are in the same state.

For two-inputs XNOR gate:

For three-inputs XNOR gate:

Example of Truth Table

In the following figure, a Truth Table is constructed from the given logic diagram. The Truth Table constructed, shows the output of each logic gate against the input combinations besides the overall function logic circuit output.

Conclusion

  • The Truth Table is a tabular form to express the function of a logic gate or logic circuit.
  • The Truth Table can express the function of individual logic and overall logic circuit against the combination of input states.
  • The total number of inputs states or combinations can be found using 2^n where “n” represents a total number of inputs to the logic gate or circuit.
  • The commonly used logic functions are:

  • The Truth Table of commonly used logic gates having two-input is:

Meet the ESP32-S3-USB-OTG Development Board For USB Host And Device Solutions

Posted on by Emmanuel Odunlade

Shanghai-based Semiconductor Company, Espressif Systems, maker of wireless communication, low-power, open-source model solutions, and the celebrated ESP series of Chips has added to their impressive product catalog, an ESP32-S3-USB-OTG development board.

Based on the ESP32-S3 SoC and the ESP32-S3-MINI-1-N8, the ESP32-S3-USB-OTG board utilizes the inbuilt USB interface of the ESP32 -S series of chips for applications requiring USB interfacing and the wireless functionality and processing capability of the ESP32-S3 dual-core Xtensa LX7 processor on the ESP32-S3-MINI-1-N8. In a joint operation, the USB interface and the WiFi support protocol can be used for applications like video streaming via WiFi, internet access via a 4G hotspot, and wireless USB connectivity.

Talking further on the ESP32-S3 SoC, the SoC is equipped with numerous features and peripheral interfaces for exciting functionality at development. These include SPI, UART, ADC, Camera, DAC, I2S, I2C, LCD, LED PWM, and a full-speed USB OTG. The ESP32-S3 OTG interface allows for the board’s dual functionality as either a Host powering USB device or a Device connected and communicating with a Personal Computer (PC) or other devices. More so, the ESP32-S3 SoC inbuilt USB-to-serial port is compatible with communication between the USB virtual COM port and the UART port for data transfer. That’s a big plus already as you would no longer need a USB-to-serial adapter for operations like printing and serial port debugging.

As regards usage, the ESP32-S2/S3 USB can be used with a USB camera for streaming, JPEG decoding, image transmission over WiFi,  and TF card storage. It can also be used with a 4G network module for a dial-up point-to-point internet connection via its USB interface, and can equally link connected mobile devices to the Internet as a WiFi hotspot. Additionally, the board has compatibility for the development of mass storage devices such as wireless USB disks and the development of human interface devices – USB keyboard and mouse, for signal controls. And interestingly, you can also receive controls signals from the keyboard or mouse when the ESP32-S3 USB board serves as a host.

Highlights of key Features and Specifications of ESP32-S3-USB-OTG:

  • SoC:
    • ESP32-S3-MINI-1-N8 module with ESP32-S3 dual-core Xtensa LX7 processor, Supports WiFi 4 + Bluetooth 5.0, 8MB QSPI flash
  • Storage: MicroSD card slot
  • Power:
    • 5V via USB host/Micro USB port
    • 4.2V/500mAh battery
  • Display:  1.3-inch color LCD
  • USB:
    • Full-speed USB host port, Full-speed USB device port, Micro USB port for debugging
  • Expansion:
    • 14 connectors including 6x GPIO, JTAG, 3.3V, and GND
  • Misc:
    • 2x LEDs, 1x Menu, 1x Up/Down buttons, 1x Boot/Reset buttons, 1x BAT/5V selection switch

Espressif Systems is known for open-sourced software-based models and the software for the ESP32-S3-USB-OTG development board is not an exception. You will find links to sample codes on the ESP32-S2/S3 USB demo on the ESPRESSIF website or the device’s Github page for the Device and Host usage.

The ESP32-S3-USB-OTG development board is available for purchase on Aliexpress for $35.00.

AAEON Launches NanoCOM-TGU, a COM Express Type 10 Powered by the 11th Generation Intel® Core™ Processor Family

Posted on by mixos

To optimize embedded and mobile applications for today’s IoT requirements, AAEON, a leading manufacturer of advanced hardware platforms for SDN, NFV, SD-WAN and white box uCPE solutions, today announced the launch of  NanoCOM-TGU, a COM Express Type 10 Powered by the 11th Generation Intel® Core™ Processor Family (formerly Tiger Lake UP3). Our NanoCOM-TGU not only offers powerful computing capability, but also the graphical processing power enabled by Intel® UHD Graphics to optimize AI and Deep Learning applications in COM Express Type 10 mini form factor (84mm x 55 mm).

NanoCOM-TGU is powered by the 11th Generation Intel® Core™ SoC is designed for applications with intensive data and graphic processing needs. The SoC integrates both powerful CPU and GPU, as well as AI and Deep Learning acceleration engines, to accelerate processing capability in embedded mobile applications, such as telematics, public sectors, and Industrial automation.

The mini form factor of COM Express Type 10 of NanoCOM-TGU shortens the design and deployment processes for system designers or integrators in their embedded mobile projects. In addition, by leveraging the Type 10 form factor, NanoCOM-TGU offers the high-speed I/O interfaces to shorten the system design, including one 2.5 Gigabit Ethernet, two display outputs (eDP x 1 and DDI x 1), one high-definition audio output, two SATA 3.0 interfaces, one onboard PCIe NVMe SSD (up to 256GB), ten USBs (USB 2.0 x 8 and USB 3.2 Gen 2 x 2), two UARTs and PCI-Express [x1] x 4.

To meet the required memory bandwidth and storage performance, NanoCOM-TGU supports LPDDR4x memory with in-band ECC up to 16GB for IoT and Big Data related applications. The onboard PCIe NVMe SSD interface supports up to 256GB and accelerates read/write speeds multiple times than conventional storage interfaces.

System designers or integrators can also be benefited from graphical processing power enabled by Intel® UHD Graphics in NanoCOM-TGU for enhanced visual performance.

more information: www.aaeon.com

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