Diodes Incorporated AP22816/17/18 1A/1.5A/2A Power DistributionLoad Switches are single-channel, current-limited, integrated high-side power switches optimized for Universal Serial Bus (USB) and other hot-swap applications. The AP22816/17/18 are available with both polarities of enable input and comply with USB standards.
The Diodes Inc AP22816/17/18 Power Distribution Load Switches feature a 1A, 1.5A, or 2A output current, fast short-circuit response time, and an integrated output discharge function to ensure completely controlled discharging of the output voltage capacitor. The switches offer a complete protection solution with reverse current blocking, overcurrent, overtemperature, and short-circuit protection, as well as controlled rise time and undervoltage lockout functionality. The 6ms deglitch capability on the open-drain flag output prevents false overcurrent reporting and requires no external components.
The AP22816/17/18 Switches are available in the standard Green and RoHS compliant TSOT25 and MSOP-8 packages.
Features
Input voltage range of 2.7V to 5.5V
Logic level Enable pin available with active-high or active-low versions
Protections:
2kV HBM, 500V CDM ESD Protection
Overcurrent protection with auto-recovery
Short-circuit protection with auto-recovery
Overtemperature protection with auto-recovery
Output reverse current / voltage protection
75mΩ On-resistance
Built-in soft-start with 0.6ms typical rise time
Fault report (FLG) with blanking time (6ms Typ.)
Thermally efficient low profile package
Level 1 per J-STD-020 moisture sensitivity
Finish–matte tin-plated leads, solderable per MILSTD-202, Method 208 terminals
OSRAM Opto Semiconductors OSLON® Square GH CSBRM4.24 Hyper Red LEDs are optimized for horticulture. These LEDs feature a unique and innovative radiation pattern designed to illuminate plants evenly for uniform growth while reducing the number of luminaires required. The high-power GH CSBRM4.24 LEDs provide excellent reliability, a long lifetime, and low thermal resistance in a compact footprint.
The OSRAM Opto Semiconductors OSLON® Square GH CSBRM4.24 Hyper Red LEDs feature an ultra-compact 3.0mm x 3.0mm footprint ideal for high-density arrays.
Features
3.0mm x 3.0mm SMD ceramic package with silicon lens
150° radiation
Very low thermal resistance
Superior robustness for a long lifetime
100mA to 1400mA forward current (IF)
1500mA maximum surge current (IFS)
660nm peak wavelength (λpeak)
646nm to 666nm centroid wavelength; 657nm typical (λcentroid)
640nm dominant wavelength (λdom)
20nm spectral bandwidth at 50% Irel,max (∆λ)
140° viewing angle at 50% IV (2φ)
1.80V to 2.20V forward voltage; 2.00V typical (VF)
Corrosion robustness class: 3B
ESD: 8kV according to ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001 (HBM, Class 3B)
Bourns SRF7035A Common Mode Chokes are AEC-Q200 compliant and offer an 80VDC rated voltage and -40°C to +125°C temperature range. These chokes feature a compact size and high impedance over a broad frequency range to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI) coming into or leaving the system. SRF7035A chokes have shielded construction, separated winding, and a sector-wound configuration. Bourns SRF7035A Common Mode Chokes are ideal for use in DC/DC converters, switch-mode power supplies, and power system noise suppression in industrial, consumer, and other electronics.
TinyLoad is a simple electronic constant current dummy load. The ATtiny measures voltage, current and temperature of the heat sink, calculates power, energy and battery capacity, controls the fan and displays all relevant data on the OLED. The button is used to switch between power/resistance and energy/capacity display.
The electronic load control circuit, which essentially consists of a potentiometer, an operational amplifier, a MOSFET and a shunt resistor, ensures that the same current flows regardless of the voltage applied.
For this purpose, a 100 milliohms shunt consisting of three 300 milliohms resistors in parallel for proper heat dissipation is located in the load circuit, via which the current is measured. The LMV358 rail-to-rail OpAmp compares this with the target value, which is specified via a 10-turn 10k potentiometer and a 100k resistor and accordingly controls the gate of an IRL540N logic level power MOSFET, which in turn adjusts the current through its internal resistance set in this way. The current measured at the shunt is also amplified by a second OpAmp and measured by the ADC of the ATtiny. The voltage is measured using a voltage divider. The temperature of the MOSFET is measured by a 10k 3950B NTC thermistor. If necessary, the fan is switched on via a MOSFET.
Measurements
For the most accurate measurement possible with maximum measurement resolution, both the 5V supply voltage and the two internal reference voltages in connection with the ADC of the ATtiny are used. First, the supply voltage and the 2.56V reference are measured using the 1.1V reference and corresponding calibration factors are calculated. For each pending measurement, it is first checked which of the three voltage references (5V, 2.56V or 1.1V) is most suitable. This is then used for the measurement via the ADC. For all ADC measurements, the ATtiny is set to sleep mode in order to avoid noise that is generated by the MCU (ADC noise canceler). To further increase the measurement resolution, 64 measurements are carried out in succession (oversampling) and the measured values are added up. The averaging is only carried out at the end of the further calculations in order not to lose any measurement resolution. The measurement accuracy depends essentially on the accuracy of the internal 1.1V reference. This can be calibrated manually if necessary.
The logic NOT function’s output state is NOT the same as its input state. The logic NOT function performs the inversion function on its input and outputs complement of the input. The logic NOT function output is false when its input is true, and true when its input is false. It is the simplest logic function having a single input and a single output.
The Boolean expression of a logic NOT function is represented by overline or bar (¯) over its input. This bar or overline denotes an inversion or complement of the state or input. The logic NOT function is performed by logic NOT gates and is sometimes referred to as inverters (as they perform inversion function). The symbol of a logic NOT gate along with expression is shown in the following figure.
Figure 1: The logic NOT symbol
The output of the logic NOT symbol has a bubble (o) at the output which denotes an inversion of the signal and, therefore, is called an “Inversion Bubble”. The counterpart of an Inverter is a Buffer that does not invert the signal and performs just amplification of the signal.
Presentation of NOT Function using Switch
The logic NOT function can be illustrated with the help of the following diagram. In the figure, a lamp along with two switches is shown. The switches’ positions are inverse or complemented with respect to each other. The switch without bar or overline represents the logical input (X) and the switch with bar or overline is the inverted state of the input (X). The logical states of “0” & “1” represent a switch with “Open” & “Closed” positions, respectively.
Figure 2: Logic NOT function using switches with Lamp OFF
When the input is TRUE or switch (X) is in the close state then its complement switch will be opened and the lamp will remain OFF whilst the input (X) is in ON state.
Figure 3: Logic NOT function using switches with Lamp ON
However, when input is FALSE or switch (X) is in the open state then its complement switch will be closed and the lamp will turn ON whilst the input (X) is in OFF state.
From the above scenarios, it is clear that the lamp state represents an inversion with the respect to the input (X).
Logic NOT Truth Table
The truth table of a logic NOT gate is shown below.
Boolean Algebra Laws
In the Boolean Algebra, the complementation law involves logic NOT function and is shown in the following figure where it performs the inversion function.
Figure 4: The complement law
Construction of Other Logic Gates
The logic NAND and NOR gates can be constructed by placing the logic “NOT” gate at the output of logic “AND” and “OR” gates, respectively. The NAND and NOR gates are termed Universal Logic Gates as they can be used to make any other logic. Similarly, cascading two logic NOT gates reverts back to the original input signal and this arrangement makes a Digital Buffer.
Figure 5: The NAND and NOR equivalents using logic NOT gates
Construction of Logic NOT Function
The logic NOT function is extensively used in digital circuits and is available in dedicated IC packages having multiple logic NOT gates. However, the logic NOT function can also be constructed using NAND or NOR gates as they are Universal Gates. The construction of logic NOT using NAND or NOR gates saves the space and cost of using separate logic NOT gate IC package. The following figure shows NOT function equivalents
Figure 6: The logic NOT function using NAND and NOR gates
Commercially Available Logic NOT Gates
The logic NOT gate is available in form of an I.C. package that contains multiple NOT gates. The I.C. packages come in both Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) families. A few commercially available logic NOT gates are given below:
TTL 74LS04 He NOT Gates
CMOS 4049 Hex NOT Gates
CMOS 4069 Hex NOT Gates
Conclusion
The logic NOT function inverts or complements the input signal. It outputs FALSE when input is TRUE and TRUE when input is FALSE.
The logic NOT gate is also called an “Inverter” because of its inverter function.
The logic NOT gate is used in the construction of Universal Logic gates such as NAND and NOR gates.
The logic NOT function can be implemented in digital circuits using NAND or NOR gates which eliminates the use of a dedicated logic NOT gate IC package.
The logic NOT gate is available in different TTL and CMOS IC packages.
Murata’s MEMS SMD Resonator features an innovative, space-saving design with built-in load capacitors.
Murata’s MEMS resonators achieve excellent frequency, accuracy, and stable temperature characteristics without the use of active elements to correct the initial frequency and frequency shift by temperature. MEMS technology was implemented into this ultra-small resonator with very low ESR characteristics that are currently unachievable by quartz crystal resonators. This helps users reduce both power consumption and mounting space.
The device supports high-reliability, especially in high-temperature conditions, because it does not utilize organic adhesives inside of the package. For this reason, this device can be used in applications where good high-temperature performance is required, such as in industrial equipment and lighting.
The ultra-compact chip-scale package (CSP) incorporates the necessary load capacitance for the oscillation circuit. This enables a reduction in the total space used for the oscillation circuit, which reduces overall board size and costs.
Epishine and Optiqo have collaborated and this has now resulted in a brand-new version of Optiqo’s QlvrBox powered with organic solar cells optimized to harvest indoor lighting that now is available for order worldwide. This version of the QlvrBox enables improved sustainability, monitoring and quality management of cleaning and facility management services.
Optiqo’s QlvrBox uses real time visitor traffic data to alert maintenance technicians when facility areas require service or cleaning, which enables companies to proactively manage and validate cleaning and maintenance events to ensure 100% compliance and, in turn, increase customer satisfaction. The QlvrBox also has an indicator showing the most recent service or cleaning event to ensure the facility’s visitors feel secure.
Epishine and Optiqo have cooperated to optimize Optiqo’s QlvrBox. QlvrBox currently operates on batteries, enabling the device to be installed independently of the facility’s infrastructure. This feature offers a great benefit when installing the boxes, however the batteries need to be replaced every 1-3 years. The new version of QlvrBox is developed with Epishine’s solution for light energy harvesting, which extends the battery life by the generated power from ambient lighting. This reduces both the number of batteries and the maintenance cost.
Daniel Westling, CEO, Optiqo.
“We are excited to launch our latest version of our QlvrBox on the market. This is the next step for us at Optiqo to make our solutions even more sustainable. To prolong the intervals between battery replacements is very beneficial from an operational standpoint since our customers’ products are often present in large public places, such as airports, with hundreds of devices. To make our product greener and also lower the total cost of ownership is a very promising development. We have gotten great feedback on this extension on the exhibitions we have attended in London and Reno these last few days, which only shows that this is a step in the right direction.” says Daniel Westling, CEO, Optiqo.
Jonas Palmér, Sales & Business Development, Epishine.
“We are happy to be part of Optiqo’s strive for developing a more sustainable product. Epishine’s organic solar cells are optimized to generate electricity from indoor ambient light to power low energy devices which makes for a perfect fit for Optiqo’s QlvrBox. We are thrilled to see it being presented to the world at shows in UK and US, next week at ISSA in Las Vegas.” says Jonas Palmér, Sales & Business Development, Epishine.
This is a very powerful brushed DC motor drive system in a small package with a few key features like adjustable constant current control, direction control, brake controls, Alert output, PWM for speed control etc. The project was built using a TB67H303HG chip which is a full-bridge driver IC for DC motor adopting MOS at output transistors. High-power and high-efficient drive are possible by adopting DMOS output driver with low-ON resistance and PWM drive. Refer to the datasheet of TB67H303HG for more information.
8A Brushed DC Motor Driver with Adjustable Constant Current, Direction Control, Brake Control, Speed Control – [Link]
B&K Precision, a designer and manufacturer of test and measurement instruments has announced the 2560B series of performance oscilloscopes.
This series improves on the previous 2560 series and introduces new features not typically found in other oscilloscopes in this class, the company claims. Most noticeably, the increased maximum bandwidth to 350MHz and the large 10.1-inch touchscreen display with intuitive touchscreen gestures.
Features of the improved 2560B series include a power analysis tool that can evaluate 11 different switching power supply parameters such as power quality, inrush current and output ripple. In addition, these oscilloscopes can produce bode plots for evaluating the gain and phase of a system.
Start testing and debugging with the built-in 50 MHz arbitrary waveform generator and serial decoding for I2C, SPI, UART, CAN and LIN protocols enabled right out of the box.
The MSO models include a 16-channel digital logic probe for mixed-signal acquisition. The 2560B series provides a convenient built-in web server that can be accessed through any web browser on the same network.
The server allows users to control all the instrument’s functions, install firmware updates and save waveform data, setups and screenshots. DSO models can be upgraded to an MSO any time after purchase.
For more specific applications, additional options are available for serial triggering and decoding FlexRay, I2S, CAN FD, MIL-STD-1553B, SENT and Manchester protocols.
Diodes Incorporated AP3304 Multi-Mode PWM Controller is optimized for high-performance, low standby power, and cost-effective offline flyback converters. This PWM controller features peak-current control, multi-mode control with CCM+QR, a low start-up current of 1μA, and a soft start during the start-up process. The AP3304 PWM controller at light load operates in burst mode with a 23kHz switching frequency to minimize standby power consumption and avoid audible noise. When the load increases, the AP3304 PWM controller will enter QR mode with frequency fold-back to improve system efficiency and EMI performance. The AP3304 multi-mode PWM controller offers a built-in frequency dithering function to reduce EMI emission. Typical applications include switching AC-DC adapter charger, ATX/BTX auxiliary power, Set-Top Box (STB) power supply, and open frame switching power supply.
Features
Very low start-up current
Multi-mode control with CCM+QR
Soft start during the start-up process
Frequency fold back for high average efficiency
Constant Over Current Protection (OCP)
Secondary winding short protection with FOCP
Built-in frequency dithering function to reduce EMI emission
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