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Two Channel Smart Low-Side Power Switch for Inductive, Resistive and Capacitive Loads – Arduino Shield

The project presented here enables users to switch all kinds of resistive, inductive and capacitive loads, limited by clamping energy (EAS) and maximum current requirement. The user may interface 2 x inductive, resistive, and capacitive loads such as solenoid, dc motor, high current contact switch, high current relay, LEDs, lamps, and piezo etc. The project is most suitable for inductive loads as well as loads with inrush current. The project has been designed using BTF3050TE IC which is a 50 mΩ single-channel Smart Low-Side Power Switch in a PG-TO252-5 package providing embedded protective functions. The power transistor is built by a N-channel vertical power MOSFET. The device is monolithically integrated. The BTF3050TE is automotive qualified and is optimized for 12V automotive and industrial applications. Two loads can be controlled using Arduino UNO. IC has a thermal-restart function. The device will turn on again, if input is still high, after the measured temperature has dropped below the thermal hysteresis.

In order to optimize electromagnetic emission, the switching speed of the MOSFETs is set to 5 us ON time and 5 us OFF time approx. but this can be adjusted by R6, and R7, refer to the datasheet of the chip for more information. This allows balancing between electromagnetic emissions and power dissipation. Shorting the SRP pin to GND represents the fastest switching speed. Open SRP pin represents the slowest switching speed. It is recommended to put a high ohmic resistor like 200kΩ on this SRP pin to GND. The accuracy of the switching speed adjustment is dependent on the precision of the external resistor used. It’s recommended to use accurate resistors. It is advisable to change capacitor C1 to 470uF if the full load current is in use.

Features

  • Operates 2 x Loads (Nominal Load Current Each Channel 3A – 6A both)
  • Maximum on State Resistance 100mOhms Each Channel
  • Operating Voltage Range 12V-24V for Load ( 3V to 28V Operating Range)
  • Operating Supply Voltage Range VCC 3 to 5.5V (Connected to 5V of Arduino Uno)
  • Input Signal Maximum 5.5V
  • The project can drive Inductive, Resistive, Capacitive Loads
  • Arduino Digital pin D3 drives Load-1, and D5 drives Load-2
  • BTF3050TE Input PWM < 20Khz or TTL Input (Arduino D3 and D5)
  • SW1 and SW2 Resets switch when a Fault condition occurs
  • Over-temperature shutdown with auto-restart
  • Active clamp over voltage protection of the output
  • Enhanced short circuit protection
  • Active clamp over voltage protection of the output
  • 2 additional LEDs On Arduino D11 and D12 provided for operation indication.
  • PCB dimensions: 61.91 x 50.64 mm

Testing the board

Arduino Example Code Provided to test the board at the end of the article.

Connect the load at Z1 (Load1) and Z2 connector, Connect the load power supply at CN1, Upload the Arduino code to Arduino UNO, mount the shield on Arduino Uno. Each load will be ON for 1 Second sequentially, at the same time LED D2 and D3 will indicate the operation ON/OFF. Code is determined with ON/OFF operation of loads. Users can write their own code to use PWM and Fault functions.

BTF3050TE Details

BTF3050TE Block Diagram

Over Voltage and Over Temperature Protection

The over-voltage protection gets activated during inductive turn-off conditions or other overvoltage events (e.g. load dump). The power MOSFET is limiting the drain-source voltage if it rises above the VOUT(CLAMP). The over-temperature protection prevents the device from overheating due to overload and/or bad cooling conditions. The BTF3 has a thermal-restart function. The device will turn on again if the input is still high after the measured temperature has dropped below the thermal hysteresis.

Slew Rate in Fault mode (fault signal set)

Besides the normal slew rate function, the SRP pin is also used as fault feedback output. In case of a latched fault caused by over-temperature detection, the SRP pin will be internally pulled to VCC. For details. In this operation mode (latched fault signal) the slew rate control by RSRP will be ignored and the switching speed (dynamic characteristics) will be set to fault mode default values. As long as the fault signal is set and the SRP-pin is not shorted to GND a fast default slew rate adjustment (like for RSRP R6, R7= 6.2kΩ) will be applied to the device.

Normal operation mode (slew rate mode; low signal)

The pin is used to define the switching speed of the BTF3050TE. A resistor to ground defines the strength of the gate driver stage used to switch the power DMOS. The SRP pin works as a controlled low voltage output with a normal voltage up to VSRP(NOR), driving from VCC a current out of the SRP-pin through the slew rate adjustment resistor. The voltage on the SRP pin in normal operation mode is VSRP(NOR), signaling a low signal to the microcontroller.

Latched Feedback mode (internal pull-up to VCC; high signal)

The pin is used to give alarming feedback to the Arduino after an over-temperature shutdown. The SRP pin is pulled to Vcc by an active internal pull-up source providing typical a current ISRP(FAULT), intended to signal a logic high to the Arduino. This mode stays active independently from the input pin state or internal restarts until it will be reset. During this mode, the slew rate of the device is set to a fast “fault” mode slew rate (similar to the switching times at RSRP = 6.2kΩ.) The latched fault/feedback mode and the signal are available at slew rate resistors of 5kΩ < RSRP < 70kΩ.

Schematic

Parts List

NO.QNTY.REF.DESC.MANUFACTURERSUPPLIERSUPPLIER PART NO
11CN12 PIN SCREW TERMINAL 5.08MM PITCHPHOENIX CONTACTDIGIKEY277-1247-ND
21C1100uF/50V ELECTROLYTICPANASONICDIGIKEYP10397TB-ND
33D1,D2,D3LED SIZE 0805OSRAMDIGIKEY475-1410-2-ND
41R14.7K 5% SMD SIZE 0805MURATA/YAGEO
54R2,R3,R8,R91K 5% SMD SIZE 0805MURATA/YAGEO
62R4,R5100E 5% SMD SIZE 0805MURATA/YAGEO
72R6,R76.2K 1% SMD SIZE 0805MURATA/YAGEO
82SW1,SW2TACTILE SWITCHE-SWITCHDIGIKEYEG2513-ND
92U1ARDUINO UNO R3/SHIELDARDUINO MALE HEADER 2.54MM PITCHDIGIKEYS1011EC-40-ND
102U2,U3BTF3050INFINIONDIGIKEY2156-BTF3050TEBATMA1-ND
112Z1,Z22 PIN SCREW TERMINAL 5.08MM PITCHPHOENIX CONTACTDIGIKEY277-1247-ND

Connections

Gerber View

Photos

Video


BTF3050TE Datasheet

The Signal Diode

The signal diode is a semiconductor device that is based on the PN junction theory, previously described in the article. It is the simplest, non-linear semiconductor device and is found in almost every electronic circuit. As we learned from the previous article, two currents can flow in the PN junction namely diffusion and drift current. The diffusion current is due to majority carriers when the voltage barrier of the depletion layer is overcome. Whilst, the drift current is due to minority carriers and depends on the operating temperature. The signal diode exhibits the flow of both currents and, keeping this in mind, it is good to describe the ideal diode first.

Ideal Diode

The ideal diode is the one that does not have any drift current due to minority carriers and no barrier to overcome. It is simply, an ON & OFF device depending on the polarity of the supply voltage. The symbol of the diode and its V-I characteristics (ideal) along with states of the diodes are shown in the following figure (1).

Ideal diode x-tics
Figure 1: Ideal diode (a) Characteristics (b) Symbol (c) Reverse-bias (Off) (b) Forward-bias (On)

When a voltage source is connected to a diode in the way that anode is connected to (+) and the cathode is connected to (-) terminal of supply then the diode is said to be operating in a forward direction (forward-biased). The reversal of supply terminals, makes the diode operate in the reverse direction. In a forward-biased ideal diode, the diode/ switch becomes closed and maximum current starts to flow with the fraction of voltage applied. In the reverse direction, the ideal diode operates in an open state, and no current flows irrespective of the applied voltage. The ideal diode describes the states of switch i.e. ON & OFF under forward and reverse bias.

Real Diode

In a real diode, the V-I characteristics are more complex compared to the ideal diode and depend on many factors such as doping level, operating temperature, physical size, and semiconductors used in fabrication. The V-I characteristics of a real diode can be divided into three regions: forward, reverse, and breakdown. The V-I characteristics of a typical diode are depicted hereunder:

Signal diode characteristics
Figure 2: The typical characteristics of a signal diode along with biasing conditions

Forward-biased Region

Under the forward biasing condition, the diode does not conduct until a certain level of voltage is applied. The level of voltage that permits the flow of current depends on the barrier voltage of that specific PN junction. Once the level of voltage applied crosses the barrier voltage, the PN junction of the diode allows the current to flow through it. The relationship between V & I is exponential (non-linear) and is depicted in the above figure. In the forward region, the current increases rapidly with the little increase in voltage, and as such a current limiting resistance is recommended to be used in the diode to avoid going beyond the maximum power dissipation of the diode.

Reverse-biased Region

When the diode is reverse biased, a negligible amount of current flows which is specifically as drift current. This current is dependent on the temperature and is due to minority carriers. The drift current is of very low magnitude and neglected to allow supposition that no current flows through the reverse-biased diode. The diode is said to be in an off state until the breakdown region is reached. It is good practice to add a series resistor to the reverse-biased diode as the diode under this state is open and all of the voltage will appear across the diode under the absence of the series resistor. The resistor, in series with the reverse-biased diode, shares the voltage drop and protects the diode.

Breakdown Region

The diode resists the flow of current in reverse biasing until a certain level of voltage is achieved i.e. breakdown voltage. The current flow is similar to forward-biased current but in opposite direction and under different phenomena. In this region, the diode does not get damaged as long as the power dissipation rating of the diode has not been compromised. Therefore, it is always a good practice to add a series resistor to the diode.

Types and Usages

The signal diodes are typically used for signaling, switching, and for processing of information. The signal diodes can pass high-frequency signals and allow currents up to 150 mA leading to a smaller size. They are mostly used in digital logics, wave clipping, television and radio circuits, etc.

The diodes usually carry a marking to identify the cathode terminal in order to place them correctly in the circuit.  Commercially available diode (1N4148) along with its cathode marking is shown in figure (3).

1N4148
Figure 3: Commercially available signal diode (1N4148) along with symbol and marking.



The semiconductor material used in the fabrication of diode contributes certain properties:

Silicon Signal Diodes

  • Low forward resistance
  • High reverse resistance
  • Junction voltage drop around 0.6 to 0.7 V
  • High forward current and reverse voltage

Germanium Signal Diodes

  • High forward resistance
  • Low reverse resistance
  • Junction voltage drop around 0.2 to 0.3 V
  • Low forward current and reverse voltage

Signal Diode Specifications

There are many variants of signal diodes that are commercially available and the manufacturing process of signal diodes induces different specifications & properties to sustain under varying conditions & applications. The manufacturers supply datasheets of signal diodes to allow engineers to select them according to their requirements/ applications. The most important ratings/ specifications of signal diodes are as follow:

Total Power Dissipation (PDMAX)

It indicates the maximum power that can be dissipated when the diode is forward biased. The diode offers some resistance due to the PN junction and drops certain voltage across the diode. The multiplication of voltage drop across the diode and current passing through the diode gives power dissipation. Power dissipation above the maximum rated value can damage the signal diode and as such should be avoided by restraining the power dissipation within the limits.

Maximum Forward Current (IFMAX)

It is the maximum allowable forward current through the signal diode. The PN junction of the signal diode offers resistance and the current passing through resistance produces heat. The heat increases with the increase in current and may cause thermal overload/ failure of the signal diode. The signal diode has limitations in forwarding flow of current and to remain under the limit a series resistor is used. For power diodes, the heat sinks are used to reduce the temperature as well.

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

It is the maximum peak reverse voltage that can be applied to a signal diode. It is to ascertain that the signal diode does not enter into the breakdown region when operated at this voltage. This rating is considered when the diode is operated in reverse conditions i.e. freewheel diodes or rectifier diodes.

Maximum Operating Temperature

This is relevant to the thermal stability of the diode and the PN junction of the diode heats up due to the flow of current. The rising temperature can deteriorate the anatomy of the diode and should be avoided by considering maximum operating temperature besides power dissipation & forward current. The ratings of the signal diode are usually given at different ambient temperatures as they play a vital role in the stability of the diode.

Practical Applications

There are many applications of the signal diode in low power and high-frequency circuits involving wave-shaping, clipping, protection, and switching, etc. A few of them are explained below:

The Rectifier

When an alternating signal (sinusoidal) is applied to a signal diode then it alternates its state in-between forward (on) and reverse (off) regions. This effectively makes the signal diode conduct in the first half-cycle and not conduct in the second half-cycle. The states of diodes in forward and reverse biasing are shown in figure (4). The signal diode as a rectifier is used only in low power circuits and for high power circuits, a rectifier or power diode is used.

Simole Rectifier
Figure 4: The simple rectifier circuit

Digital Logic Gates

Another application of signal diode is in digital circuits for the implementation of logic. The following figure is framed on the basis that zero (0) voltage corresponds to logic zero (0) and +5 V to logic one (1). In part (a) of the figure (5), OR logic is implemented and any of three inputs [VA, VB or VC] gives VY = +5 V (logic 1). For logic zero (0) all of the inputs need to be at 0 V to turn off all the diodes.

Y = A + B + C

In part (b) of figure (5), AND logic is implemented, and to give logic one (+5 V) all of the inputs/ diodes [VA, VB & VC] need to be turned off. When any of the diodes is conducting (on) then it effectively makes the output VY = 0.

Y = A · B · C

Logic Gates
Figure 5: Implementation of OR & AND logics using signal diodes.

Freewheel Diodes

The signal diodes can be used to protect delicate components from voltage spikes or transients. These voltage spikes or transients are produced due to the fast switching of devices or changing the state of energy storing elements. The signal diode is placed in a reverse biasing state in parallel to the device that requires protection. Such position of a diode in circuit names it “Free Wheeling Diode” or “Fly Wheel Diode”. In the following figure (6), a few freewheel applications of the diode are shown. During on state of the device, the freewheel diode is reverse biased and all of the current flows through the device. As soon as the device turns off, the reverse voltage produced in the inductor makes the freewheel diode forward biased and all of the energy is suppressed through the diode. Similarly, in semiconductors, the freewheel diode protects sensitive components from sudden and accidental reverse voltages.

Freewheel diode applications
Figure 6: Examples of Freewheel diodes

Conclusion

  • The signal diode acts as a switching device alternating between ON & OFF states.
  • In a forward-biased diode, the current flow is due to majority carriers i.e. diffusion current.
  • In a reverse-biased diode before the breakdown, the negligible amount of current flows called drift current or saturation current and is majorly dependent on the temperature.
  • In reverse-biased diode on achieving breakdown, the significant amount of reverse current flows and that may damage the diode under the absence of protections.
  • The signal diodes are typically used in low-power and high-frequency circuits.
  • The applications include rectification, digital logic and freewheeling, etc.

NeuroStimDuino – Neurostimulator for students, researchers, and hobbyists

Posted on by mixos

NeuroStimDuino was designed to help anyone with an interest in neuroscience—students, researchers, and hobbyists alike—to study the effects of neurostimulation on muscle contraction. It comes with an I²C interface through which external microcontroller boards like the Arduino Due can be used to generate different stimulation patterns and control other aspects of its operation. Each NeuroStimDuino shield has two independent output channels, which can be used to alternate the contraction of flexor and extensor muscles or to contract various muscles simultaneously. By stacking multiple shields, additional output channels can be made available.

Features

  • Generates biphasic, rectangular, and constant current stimulation pulses with programmable frequency, pulse-width, and amplitude
  • Stimulation pulses are charge-balanced, consisting of a cathodic phase followed by an anodic phase of equal or unequal amplitudes (i.e. the waveform shape can be symmetrical or asymmetrical).
  • Can be configured, over I²C, from an external microcontroller acting as the controller
  • Can be used as an Arduino shield due to pin-compatibility with Arduino Due and MEGA boards
  • Has two independent output channels per board. Multiple boards can be stacked to generate up to 256 channels.
  • Onboard opto-isolators separate digital and analog signals
  • Can be powered by a 9 V battery connected to a DC input or by an external 5 V input on VIN. For proper operation, we recommend two Li-Ion batteries (e.g. 18650s) connected in series. (Batteries not included.)
  • Onboard LEDs visually indicate when neurostimulation is delivered, and a precision current-sense amplifier provides a voltage output proportional to the stimulation current.
  • Includes several safety features such as fuses, an emergency OFF switch, and solid-state relays to shunt inputs with low impedance resistors
  • Comes with a pair of 2 mm pin-style lead wires to connect with standard, reusable, hydrogel-based stimulation electrodes
  • The optional Accessory Kit includes four 1.25-inch round and four 2-inch square hydrogel electrodes, a pair of lead wires, and a pair of bifurcation cables.

Technical Specifications

  • Adjustable current output range: +/- 25 mA, resolution 250 µA/step
  • Adjustable stimulation frequency range: 1 – 100 Hz, pulse-width 0 – 2 ms
  • Maximum compliance voltage: +/- 72 V
  • The onboard 16-bit dsPIC33F Microcontroller (40 MIPS, 256 KB flash memory) operates as an I²C peripheral with a programmable, 7-bit address.
  • Stimulation current output can be measured using the onboard 12-bit ADC or an external ADC.
  • The PCB includes a microUSB interface but the components are not populated. (Upon request, we are happy to provide a list of the necessary components.) If populated, this interface can be used to control NeuroStimDuino from a PC by way of serial commands.

The project is live on crowdsupply and ends in 37 days,

PIR Motion Sensor LED Ceiling Light – Arduino Compatible

This motion sensor LED ceiling light board has been designed using 4 white LEDs each of 1-3W, PIR sensor module, Atmega328 microcontroller, low ohm IRLR7843 MOSFET, and few other components. The PIR sensor detects the infra-red rays emitted by human motion within the detection area and switches on the 4 white LEDs for 10 seconds.  The project helps in energy-saving applications and new green building projects. Detecting distance: 1 to 20 feet. Detecting angle: 360 degrees. Installation height 2-15 feet. 2 mounting holes are provided to mount this board. It is advisable to use this board indoors.

The operation of this circuit is simple, the motion sensor provides a TTL output pulse when it detects the human presence, then the ATmega328 microcontroller detects the trigger on digital in D12 and sets the digital pin D3 high for 10 seconds, this high signal triggers the MOSFET which drives power to 4 LEDs in parallel. Resistors R2 and R5 act as current limiting resistors, U1 is a 5V regulator that provides 5V DC to the microcontroller and sensor from an input supply 12V DC. The operating power supply is 9-12V DC and its draws 500mA of current. The project tested with 3W white LEDs, but any other LED can be used, but take care of current limiting resistor R2 and R5 respectively to LEDs current requirements. CN1 4 pin male header is provided for power input, CN2 SIP8 connector provided for bootloader burning and programming using Arduino IDE.

Programming the Atmega328 

The project is Arduino compatible and can be used in many lighting applications. You will have to just write your own code and program it to Atmega328. Example Arduino code is provided to help you to test the project. The code will turn the LEDs ON for 10 seconds when it detects human motion and may repeat if still motion is detected again. The user may easily increase the LED on time in Arduino Code. Arduino digital pin D12 connected to the PIR sensor module and D3 drives the LEDs.

Note:A  new Atmega328 Microcontroller requires Bootloader and Code uploading, SIP8/CN2 connector provided for both, more information is available here

Please refer to the programming connection diagram above to program the board. Arduino example code is available at the download link at the end of the page.

PIR Motion Sensor

PIR sensors are used to detect motion from pets’ humanoids from about 20 feet away. The operating principle of such sensors is straightforward: a crystalline sensing element generates an electric charge when exposed to infrared radiation, such as body heat. The more infrared radiation present, the higher the voltage generated. A Fresnel lens is used to focus the infrared radiation on the sensor, and an onboard amplifier boosts the signal and trips an output if it starts changing too rapidly.

More info about the PIR sensor available here: https://www.seeedstudio.com/PIR-Motion-sensor-module-p-74.html

Features

  • Power Supply 9-12V DC
  • Current consumption 500mA
  • On Board 4 x 3W White LEDs
  • PCB diameter: 44.6 mm

Schematic

Parts List

NO.QNTY.REF.DESC.MANUFACTURERSUPPLIERSUPPLIER PART NO
11CN14 PIN MALE HEADER 2.54MM PITCHSULLINSDIGIKEYS1011EC-40-ND
21CN2PIR SENSOR MODULECHINA ADAFRUITPRODUCT ID: 189
33C1,C5,C610uF/16V SMD SIZE 1210YAGEODIGIKEY
42C2,C40.1uF/50V SMD SIZE 0805YAGEODIGIKEY
51C347uF/16V SMD SIZE 1210YAGEODIGIKEY
62C7,C822PF/50V SMD SIZE 0805YAGEODIGIKEY
74D1,D2,D3,D4LED WHITE LED 1 TO 3WCHINA AMAZON
81SIP88 PIN MALE HEADER 2.54MMSULLINSDIGIKEYS1011EC-40-ND
91Q1IRLR7843INFINIONDIGIKEY
101R110K 5% SMD SIZE 0805YAGEODIGIKEY
112R2,R547E 5% SMD SIZE 0805YAGEODIGIKEY
121R310E 5% SMD SIZE 0805YAGEODIGIKEY
131R41M 5% SMD SIZE 0805YAGEODIGIKEY
141U1LM78M05 DPAKTEXAS INTRUMENTSDIGIKEYLM78M05CDTX/NOPBCT-ND
151U2ATMEGA328TQPF-32MICROCHIPDIGIKEYATMEGA328PB-AN-ND
161X116MhzECS INCDIGIKEYX1103-ND

Connections

LED Details

Gerber View

Photos

Video


IRLR7843 Datasheet

Acme Systems Rolls Out SAMA5D27 Based SOMs

Posted on by Tope Oluyemi

Acme Systems recently launched a series of systems-on-modules (SOMs) based on the Microchip SAMA5D27 microprocessor, which is ideal for extreme-low-power projects that still require a full Linux kernel and operating system, dubbed the RoadRunner. At the core of the RoadRunner is a Microchip MPU, which is designed for low power consumption, and it features an optimized PMIC [Power Management Integrated Circuit], a low-power RAM, and the Quad-SPI [flash] memory. The module is designed for even heavy industrial use, that is why the ten-layer board operates between -40 and 85°C (around -40 to 185°F) and boasts of a 10mW “freeze mode” sleep with full wake-up clocking around a second.

The SAMA5D27 microprocessor is a high-performance, low-power Arm cortex-A5 CPU embedded microprocessor running up to 500MHZ with the integration of multiple memories such as DDR2, DDR3L, LPDDR2, LPDDPR3, e.MMC Flash and QSPI. This microchip offers advanced security functions like Arm Trust Zone, tamper detection, secure boot, and secure data storage with full integration of robust peripherals for connectivity and user interface applications as well as high-performance crypto accelerators AES, TRNG, and SHA. The SAMA5D2 series is packaged with free Linux distributions, MPLAB X IDE, MPLAB Harmony v3, and bare-metal C examples. The SAMA5D27 has an added industrial temperature range operation (-40°C to 105°C external temperature).

The SAMA5D27 features 128kB L2 cache which can be configured as an internal 32-bit single-cycle static RAM (SRAM), 5kB of internal scrambled SRAM of which 4kB are automatically erasable on tamper detection, and 256 bits of scrambled and erasable registers. It also enables 256MB of DDR3L memory, up to 128MB of QSPI flash, an Arm NEON coprocessor, hardware floating-point unit, and hardware cryptographic acceleration including a FIPS-compliant true random number generator. The module is connected to a carrier board via two Hirose 100-pin connectors which relays signals including 10/100 Ethernet, an 24-bit RGB LCD interface, resistive and capacitive touch interfaces, SSC/I2S, I2C, SPI, QSPI.

It also features a stereo audio amplifier, peripheral touch controller, PDMIC, CAN-FD MCAN, up to 128 GPIO lines, and up to 12 12-bit analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs). it enables five USART, five UART serial ports and an additional receive-only UART, and two USB High Speed hosts or one host and one device. Additional features include; USB High-Speed Inter-Chip HSIC interface, SDIO, SD, or MMC hosts, image sensor controller, timers, PWM, up to three programmable clocks, a JTAG port, serial debug port, and a battery input for the internal real-time clock.

Specifications of the Microchip SAMA5D27 Microprocessor includes:

  • Low System Cost and High Value Integration:
    • Peripheral Touch Controller
    • o Embedded audio subsystem
    • o 0.8mm ball pitch package reduces PCB design complexity
    • o Simple power management scheme
  • Ultra-Low Power Consumption:
    • o Low-power architecture for extensive battery life
    • o <200uA retention mode with fast wake-up
    • o 5uA in backup mode
  • • State-of-the-Art Security:
    • Secure Boot
    • o Execution of encrypted code with an “on-the-fly” encryption-decryption process
    • o Integrity Check Monitor of the memory content
    • o Hardware encryption engine
    • o Tamper pins and secure key storage
  • Extensive Ecosystem:
    • Free Linux® distributions
    • o MPLAB X Integrated Development Environment
    • o MPLAB Harmony
    • o Complete set of C examples for bare metal users
    • o Multiple third-party software and hardware partners

“The Berta-D2 is the basic evaluation board for the RoadRunner system-on-module,” the company states, for those who do not want to build their own carrier in the initial prototype phase of a project. It includes the bare essentials for turning on the RoadRunner, running Linux, and experimenting with network and USB host and system capabilities. It also includes 160 pin 2.54 mm pitch pads that include all of the signals exposed by the RoadRunner module, allowing you to experiment with your own interface.”

Acme Systems is now selling the modules for €36 (approximately $43), with the Berta-D2 carrier costing an extra €30 (approximately $36). You can find more information on the product’s home page.

Bridgetek Introduces New Evaluation Hardware for Advanced EVE Graphic Controllers

Posted on by mixos

To assist with the initial development and prototyping of human-machine interfaces (HMIs) based on its object-oriented graphic controller ICs, Bridgetek has announced the availability of the ME817EV evaluation board. Featuring the company’s BT817 embedded video engine (EVE) device, it allows engineers to experiment with the latest generation of EVE technology and get a comprehensive understanding of the breadth of its capabilities. Thanks to the higher resolutions and large format display that the BT817 supports, more compelling and functionality-rich HMIs can be created, with greater visual clarity and enhanced video playback capabilities.

Measuring 165mm x 100mm, the ME817EV unit has all the necessary attributes for undertaking development work relating to the graphics, audio, and touch elements of the HMI. As well as audio amplification and multi-stage audio filtering features, there is an LED driver which can be used to adjust the display backlighting. Also included is a touch controller that supports 5 simultaneous touch points, plus 16Mbytes of on-board flash memory resource for storing Unicode fonts, image libraries, etc.

The ME817EV can interface with large-scale, high-resolution display modules. For 1280×800 pixel displays, it can connect through a 40-pin LVDS interface, while for 1024×600 pixel displays a 50-pin RGB interface can be used. Capacitive touchscreens may be connected using a 10-pin or 6-pin FPC connector. The board can be powered via a 5V supply using the SPI host connector, or via the USB Type-C port.

As Bridgetek founder and CEO Fred Dart explains;

“We have already seen a great deal of commercial traction for our fourth generation EVE chips, across a broad spectrum of industry sectors. It is clear that there is a real need for a more streamlined approach to larger format HMI construction. By providing this evaluation platform, we are making the whole project development process a lot quicker and easier for engineers to complete, with much better end results being derived too.”

ClearCore: a new, $99 4-Axis Motion and I/O Controller

Posted on by mixos

Teknic recently launched ClearCore, a low-cost, multi-axis, motion and industrial I/O controller offering OEMs a new way to save space, money and wiring in their automated machinery. ClearCore provides 4 axes of motion control, Ethernet, serial, USB, and wireless expandability along with 13 configurable digital & analog I/O points. By registering their application with Teknic, OEM machine builders can lock in the single-piece $99 pricing

Early customer reviews are positive:

  • “The ClearCore controller is an exceptionally beautiful piece and a joy to work with. Absolutely brilliant product. Well documented, well designed, easy to use and highly versatile.”
  • “Their IO controllers were also a great find and they have replaced the PLCs we were using.”
  • “The Clear Core Controller itself is an amazing design and everything we could have hoped for.”

Key specifications and benefits of ClearCore include:

  • Hardware includes a powerful 32-bit, floating point ARM Cortex-M4 processor, 192k local RAM, 512k Flash, interrupt handler, and an onboard SD Card interface for storage expansion.
  • ClearCore provides up to 4 axes of motion control for Teknic’s ClearPath integrated servos, 3rd party stepper drives, or any brushless servo motor with a digital servo drive.
  • ClearCore includes 13 industrially hardened and electrically conditioned, 24V I/O points, including digital and analog inputs and outputs.  Extend your I/O compliment with 8-point I/O expansion modules (CCIO-8) for a total I/O compliment of 73 I/O points.
  • Compatible with XBee modules for peer-to-peer wireless communications such as WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, DigiMesh, 802.15.4, and others.
  • A rich C++ library & software API including more than 40 extensively commented example projects ensures ease-of-use and accelerates your development cycle.  Advanced debugging via the Atmel IDE and in-circuit emulator enables the serious programmer to step through code, set breakpoints, evaluate expressions, watch variables, and much more.
  • All source code is available for download, at no cost, under an open-source, copy-right, MIT license.
  • For rapid software prototyping, install the optional but free Arduino wrapper library to easily create programs within the simple and popular Arduino IDE.

ClearCore can be ordered online at https://www.teknic.com/products/io-motion-controller/clcr-4-13/.  Each unit ships within 3 business days and comes with a 3-year warranty and a 90 day money-back guarantee.

PCBgogo: Manufacture Your PCBs Fast and with Ease

Posted on by Tope Oluyemi

For hobbyists and professionals, getting a reliable company to build your PCB is very important. One of these companies for building your PCB is PCBgogo. PCBgogo is one of the largest and most popular PCB manufacturers. Located in Shenzhen, China, the facility is built in over 2400 sqm of land, and they specialize in manufacturing high-quality PCB’s (Printed Circuit Boards) for very low prices. They fabricate your boards according to your designs and needs. PCBgogo offers various product categories. These categories include data: communication, optical networking, medical treatment, industrial control, aerospace/military, etc.

PCBgogo offers Surface Mount Technology (SMT) assembly capabilities. SMT is a way to mount the components or parts onto the boards. So instead of using through-hole assembly to install components, SMT has replaced the former assembly method with welding technology. Due to the better outcome and higher efficiency, SMT has become the primary approach used in the process of PCB assembly.

Why should you go for PCBgogo’s SMT?

  1. When you use SMT technology to assemble components onto a board directly, it helps to reduce the entire size and the weight of the PCBs. This method enables PCBgogo to place more components in a small space, thereby achieving compact designs and better performance.
  2. PCBgogo’s entire SMT assembly process is almost automated with precise machines. This makes it minimizes the errors that may be caused by manual involvement. This automated process of SMT technology ensures the reliability and consistency of the PCBs.
  3. Because of its automated SMT assemble capabilities, manual involvement during SMT processes is reduced, which significantly improves production efficiency and lowers labor costs in the long-run. Also, there are fewer materials used than through-hole assemble, making costs to be decreased.

Rigid-flex printed circuit board

One PCB available for fabrication by PCBgogo is the rigid-flex printed circuit board. What are rigid-flex printed circuit boards? They are the composite boards of rigid boards and flexible boards. When you examine most rigid-flex circuits, you realize that they are multi-layered, so a rigid-flex PCB can house one or several flex boards and rigid boards, which are then connected through internally/externally plated-through holes. They eliminate problems associated with traditional hardboard technologies. PCBgogo sticks to a strict quality control system to ensure the rigid-flex boards manufactured and assembled correctly with high-quality standards.

Rigid-flex PCBs have a thin profile and feature variable shapes. This makes it suitable for ultra-thin and ultra-light packages. can solve many problems in traditional hardboard technologies. Rigid-flex PCBs make it easier to install more components in a smaller space because they can change the shapes according to specific outlines. This helps reduce the size and weight of the final products and overall system costs. Also, the compact profile of rigid-flex PCB makes it the ideal choice for fine line and high-density circuits in HDI technologies.

Rigid-flex PCBs also offer freedom in packaging geometry. This makes is it suitable for applications in various industries like aerospace, military, medical equipment, and consumer electrics. The rigid-flex PCBs can be customized to any size or shape to fit the housing designs and 3D designs, enabling designers to meet different requirements in specific applications.

Rigid-flex PCBs also offer better mechanical stability due to the stability of rigid boards and the flexibility of flexible boards. This forms a stable structure for the entire package while retaining the reliability of the electrical connection and flexibility needed for installation in small spaces.

Rigid-flex PCBs perform greatly under harsh environments. They have high-shock and high-vibration resistance so that they can work well in high-stress environments. They also feature fewer cables and connectors, thereby reducing safety risks and maintenance in future use.

One reason for you to consider PCBgogo’s rigid-flex PCBs is that they require fewer interconnectors and related components/parts. It helps to simplify the assembly operations, making the rigid-flex PCBs easier to be assembled and tested. Rigid-flex PCBs are suitable for PCB Prototypes.

Ordering Process

Let’s examine the process for ordering your PCB. When you open their website, you see how very easy it is to navigate the site. This makes it very simple to place your order in a step-by-step manner. You have to follow the following process to place an order.

You will find a section where you are required to fill in an “Online Quote”, and give basic information about the type of PCB you require i.e.

  • The Material type
  • The number of boards ( You can order a minimum of 5 boards )
  • Layers, dimensions (length and width),
  • Spacing, thickness, Finished Copper, and drill type.
  • … much more

At the right corner of the page, you will find a real-time change in Cost whenever you make some changes to the properties of your board like the Dimensions or Material. This feature helps you keep your PCB order under a suitable budget.

When you are through with the first step, you are required to upload a “Gerber file/Eagle File”. A Gerber file is an open 2D binary vector image file format that includes all the data needed for the manufacture of PCB’s (copper layers, solder mask, legend etc.). This file is used by CAD (Computer-Aided Design) or EDA (Electronic Design Automation) systems to enable the fabrication of the boards. Gerber files are easy to create. You can create them using the EAGLE CAM processor for example or any other processor for your favorite CAD tool.

When you are through with uploading the Gerber file, you review your order before sending it to the manufacturers to make sure that all the information you have entered is correct and you have not missed any details. Their engineers will contact you if they find any issue with your order before confirmation.

When it comes to payment, You are only charged for what you have ordered. You can make payments through PayPal, or through other bank transfers of your choice i.e. Aliexpress pay, Western union etc.) You have to carefully fill in your shipping address and choose the shipping method of your choice.

After payment, the fabrication process starts. Be rest assured that PCBgogo has qualified engineers working for the manufacturing of your product. The whole fabrication process is under surveillance to ensure the best quality. You can monitor the progress of your product online on the PCBgogo website. PCBgogo also offers 24 hours online customer service to answer all your queries regarding your order.

After your PCB has been manufactured, they are packaged for shipping within 24hours after fabrication. The order is packed in a vacuum bubble bag, and it is placed in a special carton bag. You can choose from the various shipping methods available. There’s DHL, HK Post, FedEx, EMS, and UPS, etc. Once you receive your order, confirm and send your feedback to the website.

PCBgogo offers a robust set of PCB available for fabrication. You can visit their knowledge center to find out the various PCBs available, and how to order for your PCBs. PCBgogo guarantees you the quality of service and upholds customer’s preferences and satisfaction above everything else. PCBgogo is RoHS and ISO certified, and with more than 3 factories and over 100 R&D members, they guarantee swift service and on-time delivery. They are one of the best professional PCB manufacturers in China.

ECS Releases Brand New Industrial-grade Mini PC – LIVA M300-W

Posted on by mixos

Elitegroup Computer Systems (ECS), the global leading motherboard, Mini-PC, Notebooks, mobile device and smart city solutions provider, is proud to present the latest light and thin mini PC – LIVA M300-W . LIVA M300-W is designed by iron grey metal chassis with compact size measuring only 12.8 x 12.8 x 2.6 cm. LIVA M300-W is powered by Rockchip RK3399K SoC with quad and dual core CPU which can support dual operating system of Android 8.1* and Lubuntu 18.04. It is also equipped with HDMI 2.0 port which can support up to 4K resolution and CEC system. LIVA M300-W is crafted for industrial use by its wide temperature and dustproof design. It is an ideal mini PC to run under extreme environment such as construction site, factory and warehouse for many applications like surveillance, terminal, POS and thermal-sensing.

Wide Temperature Design

LIVA M300-W features an outstanding fanless thermal design. It can effectively dissipate heat and operate in wide-temperature from -10°C to 60°C and humidity range from 10% to 95% when CPU running multi-tasks stably under critical environment such as construction site, casino, transportation center and shopping mall.

Multi-core Processor with High Performance

LIVA M300-W equipped with RK3399K Processor featuring Dual-core Cortex-A72 and Quad-core Cortex-A53. With the ARM-based processor, LIVA M300-W can adopted for many different applications and process your computing tasks more efficiently with less power consumption, which is ideal for terminal and POS solutions.

Comprehensive Connection Ports

The brand new LIVA M300-W offers varieties of connectivity to meet different requirements. For video output, it features Display Port 1.2 and HDMI 2.0, which supports dual display and up to 4K high quality resolution with 60Hz and CEC function. Besides, it provides one blazing fast USB 3.2 Gen 1×1, three USB 2.0 ports and one COM port (RS-232/RS-422/RS-485). LIVA M300-W can support one Micro SD card-reader* and one Micro SIM card slot* in order to connect 4G/5G mobile for public transportation and advertising van as digital signage solution.

Dual Operating System with More Flexibility

To provide a more flexible user interface, LIVA M300-W supports Android 8.1* and Lubuntu 18.04. Enterprises and companies can choose the most suitable system to operate for different requirements which is perfect for media use, server, and network surveillance.

Reality AI’s Automotive SWS features Sound-based Detection

Posted on by Saumitra Jagdale

Reality AI Automotive SWS

Detection through cameras and lidar could be efficient but it has some drawbacks. As it requires visibility of the object within its range, thus detection is difficult for invisible and hidden objects. Radar could be an ideal choice for overcoming these drawbacks but it struggles with distant objects as it is incapable of the corners and long-range detection. Hence Reality AI’s Automotive SWS comes with sound-based detection for addressing these issues.

Automotive SWS focuses on passenger protection in detecting all threats by monitoring sound waves. The sound waves detection occurs through an array of microphones that acts as peripheral for the processor. This enables the system to discover emergency vehicles, cars, motorbikes, bicycles, and other objects. The system alerts the driver and identifies the direction from where the target is approaching.

Reality AI’s system architecture, sample hardware, and firmware for the Automotive SWS come with a customized development software for Automotive Tier 1 and Tier 2 providers for creating their own versions of the system. It uses machine learning and AI algorithms on the data points collected by the external microphone arrays on the automotive.

Infineon Technologies MCU and Microphone in Automotive SWS

Infineon Aurix MCU and MEMS microphones

 

Although, the company has worked with Hagiwara Electronics Co Ltd. and DENSO Corporation to build functionalities and features for the system specifically for the automotive market. Now, it is partnering with Infineon Technologies to build a more efficient system. The system features Infineon AEC-Q103 XENSIV™ MEMS microphones (IM67D130A) for enhancing the signal quality for computations and processing in further steps. These microphones work as an interface to the Infineon AURIX™ microcontroller (MCU) to provide efficient safety ASIL D performance.

Discussing further, the MEMS Mic Array is integrated into components or placed on the roof supports flexible geometry and placement to detect sound waves. The earlier version of the system had 4 components placed on the top of the roof. Infineon AURIX™ MCU operates on inexpensive hardware for allowing AI detection and localization.

Key Features of  AURIX™ TC3xx MCU:

  • 2nd generation 1 core CPU to 6 core CPU working at the frequency range from 160 MHz to 300Mhz.
  • Scalable with respect to performance, memory, and peripherals.
  • HSM modules for inbuilt security.
  • Real-time performance for low latency as it is used in safety applications.
  • Allows efficient interrupt handling.
  • Certified for ISO6262 ASIL-D applications.

Key Features of XENSIV™ IME67D130A MEMS Microphone

  • Automotive qualified MEMS microphone.
  • AEC-Q103-003 compliant.
  • Greater than 130dB High Acoustic Overload Point for wide dynamic range and high wind-noise robustness.
  • Greater than 67dB SNR for enhanced audio quality.
  • Operating temperature ranging from -40°C to 105°C for exterior applications.

System Block Diagram for Reality AI’s Automotive SWS

The hardware for sound detection includes Infineon’s MEMS microphones controlled by AURIX™ MCU.  The hardware operates on the analog sound for converting it to digital form using its Sigma-Delta ADC. It uses the high-frequency delta-sigma modulation and then passes it through a digital filter to form a higher-resolution. However, this process results in a low sample-frequency digital output. The application software performs sound detection, classification, and localization on the signals which pass through the microphone interface.

System Block Diagram of Reality AI's Automotive SWS

The environment of Reality AI uses these processed signals for extracting and mapping features from the sound. These features constitute the data for major classification purposes between the vehicles. The major classification is between the emergency sirens and other nearby vehicles. The features collected are also used for further analysis in terms of every channel for better detection and localization. These features undergo simultaneous analysis as there more than one microphone for detecting sound. Hence, the calculation for the arrival angle and direction of the target depends on the signal features from different microphones.

The AI detection models in Automotive SWS to classify threats as follows:

  • 1.5km distance for sirens
  • 35m+ for cars, trucks, and motorcycles
  • 10m for bicycles and joggers

AI models compute the angle of arrival, approximate distance, and detect approaching and receding threats for accurate localization. The AI Firmware comes with specific machine learning algorithms for detection and allows complex signal processing for the sound waves.

Sensors for Automotive SWS

 

Ritesh Tyagi, Head of Automotive Innovation Center at Infineon says “Reality AI’s sophisticated software algorithms combined with Infineon’s automotive components can provide a complementary and cost-effective sensing modality to the existing sensors being deployed in vehicles. Moreover, this sound-based sensing technology could also enable other applications outside ADAS. These include  predictive maintenance and intrusion detection, to make it attractive for automotive manufacturers to innovate.”

Hence, Automotive SWS could be a better option for detecting invisible and hidden objects approaching or receding the automotive. Thus the innovative automotive applications will make driving safer, more dependable, and smarter for automotive users.

Additionally, the earlier version of the system won the 2020 Future Mobility Award in the category of “AI for Safety”. For more information visit the press release by Reality AI.

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