Page 36 – Electronics-Lab.com

Thermal Mass Air Flow Sensor – Constant Temperature Anemometer

The CTA mode (Constant Temperature Anemometer) consists of a simple feedback circuit for temperature regulation of the heater on the flow sensor and, as flow speed changes the thermal energy loss by the heater changes. By adapting controllers, a constant temperature difference between the heater and the temperature sensor can be achieved. The supplied electrical power, which controls the temperature difference, is a function of the flow speed. The power is converted into a voltage output signal with a bridge circuit and can be easily read out. Knowing the temperature of the medium, the flow rate can be determined from the amount of voltage compensation needed to maintain a constant temperature differential.

The medium temperature variation is compensated by the temperature sensor on the chip (PT1200). The resistors R1 to R6 can be chosen as shown in the circuit below. The temperature difference (DT) between the heater (RH) and the medium (RS) is set by resistor R4, e.g. DT=30 K for air. The resistor PR2 should be adjustable within ±10 % for calibration. The R8 resistor is placed for the stability of the anemometer circuit. It is important to use high-grade components for accuracy and output stability, all resistors 0.1 to 1%. The below electronic circuits and curve progression are examples. Each application linked to the accuracy level requires an individual calibration of the system.

Credits: Circuit is from IST-AG Application Note (https://www.ist-ag.com/en)

Features

Power Supply 10V DC @ 80mA
On Board Power LED
Trimmer Potentiometers for Calibration
Header Connector for Sensor
Header Connector for Power and Output
PCB Dimensions 36.99 x 18.73 mm

Hot-Film Flow Measurement Principles

A mass airflow (MAF) sensor converts the amount of air into a voltage signal. Units used are usually kilogram per second (kg/s). For example, airflow mass is a necessary parameter in engine operation in order to determine how much fuel to inject, ignition timing, and when to shift the gears. Used in conjunction with an oxygen sensor, the mass air flow sensor measurement can enable very accurate control of the fuel ratio. There are different types of MAF sensors. The hot-film type sensor is more common. It consists of a heating element (typically a temperature-dependent, low-ohm platinum resistor) and an additional temperature sensor. Flow direction can also be determined with specific sensor configurations. The temperature sensor (Pt in Figure 1) is used as a reference for the heating element to maintain a constant reference to the ambient temperature, which can be provided by an electronic control circuit such as a constant temperature anemometer (CTA) as shown in Figure 1. The voltage needed to heat the element in order to maintain thermal equilibrium with the ambient temperature is proportional to the air mass flow through the sensor. Higher flow increases the cooling of the element, which is compensated by raising the voltage of the heating element. This measuring principle covers large operational ranges with high accuracy and a wide temperature operating range.

The air density can vary, which changes the thermal capacity of the air. The density is a function of the ambient temperature, altitude, and pressure, which makes mass flow meters more appropriate for determining the quantity of the air. Another factor that should be taken in account is the air humidity. An increase in the humidity decreases the air density. This is because the molecule mass of water is less than the molecule mass of air, and for any gas at a

given pressure and temperature, there is a constant number of molecules for a particular volume. This results in a decrease in the gas mass per unit volume. MAF sensors feature a quick response time, small overall package, less sensitivity to mounting and orientation, durability, and lower costs. Care should be taken to prevent contamination of the sensor, which reduces the accuracy. Possible thermocouples between the heating element and the temperature sensor should be taken into account as well.

About the Sensor

The Innovative Sensor Technology IST AG thin film mass flow sensors were developed to offer solutions for a wide variety of flow applications with considerable advantages. Thermal mass flow modules and measuring systems are well-known devices that are offered in a wide range of applications by a handful of suppliers in the marketplace. Most of these designs are compact, ready-to-use systems with a channel and a passive or active output. These modules are sufficient for many general-purpose applications where component price and size are less significant, but they are not well-suited for price-sensitive and space-limited flow control solutions. The FS2 flow sensor consists of four platinum thin film resistors, is based on a function of the flow speed, and utilizes heat transfer principles to determine the flow velocity. In no flow condition, two resistors are heated up equally. If flow appears, heat is carried from the sensors to the medium, and one of them is cooled more than the other, depending on the flow direction.

If flow increases, so does the amount of heat that is transferred. By knowing the heat transfer, the flow rate can be determined from the amount of voltage compensation needed to maintain a constant temperature differential. The Innovative Sensor Technology IST AG FS2 flow sensors are applicable in gas. They have a wide operating temperature range and flow measuring rate. Flow channels guarantee the best possible adaptation of the sensors to the requirements of your application, whether in terms of dynamic range, response time, or ambient conditions. The FS2 flow sensors are optimal for limited space system integration and can be upgraded into finish-developed systems. Furthermore, customer-specific designs of the chip and housing/channels are possible as well as implementation in customer-defined and supplied housings.

Benefits and Characteristics

The following list showcases the advantages FS2 flow sensors. It is not a list of the sensor’s full range of capabilities and should not be seen as such.

Detection of flow direction
Simple signal processing
Outstanding sensitivity
Stable platinum technology
Bare sensor element resists up to +450 °C (customer specific)
Excellent long-term stability
Simple calibration
No moving mechanical parts
Excellent reproducibility
Customer-specific sensor available upon request

Application Area

Among others, the FS2 flow sensor is suitable for, but not limited to, the following application areas:
Compressed air billing
HVAC – building automation
Automotive
Medical applications
Device monitoring
Coolant monitoring

Sensor Data

Dimensions (L x W x H / H2 in mm):0 x 3.5 x 0.20 / 0.60
Operating measuring range: 0 ml/min to 50 ml/min (half bridge mode), 0 m/s to 1 m/s (half bridge mode) , 0 m/s to 100 m/s (CTA mode) 0 l/min to 5 l/min (CTA mode)
Minimum operating range: 0 ml/min to 2.5 ml/min
Response sensitivity:001 m/s (50 μl/min)
Accuracy: < 2 % of the measured value (dependent on the electronics and calibration)
Response time t63: < 0.5 s
Operating temperature range: -20 °C to +150 °C
Temperature sensitivity: < 0.1 %/K (dependent on the electronics)
Connection: Cu-wire, enamelled, Ø 0.2 mm, 25 mm long
Heater: * RH (25 °C) = 34 Ω ±10 %
Measuring element: Rs_i (25 °C) = 425 Ω ±10 %
Reference element: RR (25 °C) = 710 Ω ±10 %
Voltage range (nominal): 2 V to 5 V (dependent on flow rate)

Measurement Principle

The Innovative Sensor Technology IST AG FS2 flow sensors are based on a variation of the heat transfer coefficient, which is a function of the flow speed. Thermal mass flow sensors utilize heat transfer principles to determine the flow velocity of a medium. Flow speed changes the thermal energy loss by the heater: As a medium passes across the sensor, heat is carried from the sensor to the medium. As flow increases, so does the amount of heat that is transferred, meaning an increase in flow speed results in a higher cooling. This effect leads to a heat transfer coefficient change. Hence, cooling is a function of the mass flow. The Flow Sens FS2 consists of four platinum-thin film resistors. The low ohmic resistance with a small area is used as heater. Two high ohmic resistors on the left- and right-hand side of the heater are used to detect the flow speed and flow direction. A further resistance allows the measurement of the gas temperature. The two resistors close to the heater can be connected in a bridge circuit. This leads in an output signal which is a function of flow speed and direction. In no flow condition, the two resistors are heated up equally. If flow appears, one of them is cooled more than the other, depending on flow direction. The temperature difference can be measured and depends on flow speed and direction. Response and heating up time of this flow Sens is very short due to the small thermal mass. This kind of evaluation allows the measurement of very low flow speeds. In order to detect higher flow velocities, the temperature sensor can be connected in a constant-temperature-an myometer. By adapting controllers, a constant temperature difference between the heater and the temperature sensor can be achieved. This measuring principle is called a Constant Temperature Anemometer (CTA). The supplied electrical power, which controls the temperature difference, is a function of the flow speed. The power is converted into a voltage output signal with a bridge circuit and can be easily read out. Knowing the temperature of the medium, the flow rate can be determined from the amount of voltage compensation needed to maintain a constant temperature differential The range of flow measurements is very wide and can be adjusted to the specific application. Through an electronic circuit, it is possible to increase the temperature of the heater with respect to the temperature of the medium.

Connections

CN1: Pin 1 = VCC 10V DC, Pin 2 GND, Pin 3 = GND, Pin 4 = Output
CN2: Do Note Install
CN3: Jumper Connect Between OP and E
CN4: Sensor Pin 1 = PT, Pin 2 = RS-LEFT, Pin 3 = RH(Heater), Pin 4 = RH(Header), Pin 5 = RS Right, Pin 6 = Common (GND)
CN5: Testing Points for Sensor
J1: Jumper Closed
J2: Jumper Closed
D1: Power LED

Schematic

Parts List

NO.	QNTY.	REF.	DESC.	MANUFACTURER	SUPPLIER	SUPPLIER PART NO
1	1	CN1	4 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5317-ND
2	3	CN2,J1,J2	2 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5315-ND
3	1	CN3	3 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5316-ND
4	1	CN4	6 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5319-ND
5	4	U2,Q2,CN5,R6	DO NOT INSTALL
6	1	C1	100nF/50V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
7	1	C2	10uF/25V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 1210 OR 1206	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
8	1	D1	LED SMD SIZE 0805	OSRAM	DIGIKEY	475-1278-1-ND
9	1	PR1	2K TRIMMER POTENTIOMETER	BOURNS	DIGIKEY	3296Y-202LF-ND
10	1	PR2	500E TRIMMER POTENTIOMETER	BOURNS	DIGIKEY	3296W-501LF-ND
11	1	Q1	BC635 TO92	MULTICORP	NEWARK	08N8059
12	1	R1	1K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
13	1	R2	10K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
14	1	R3	0E SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
15	1	R4	620E 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
16	1	R5	51E 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
17	1	R7	1.2K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
18	1	R8	1.1M 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
19	1	R9	120E 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
20	1	U1	LM358 SOIC8	TI	DIGIKEY	LM358AMX/NOPBCT-ND
21	3	JUMPER	SHUNT FOR JUMPER	SULINS CONNECT	DIGIKEY	S9001-ND
22	1	Sensor Part #	FS2T.0.1E.025		DIGIKEY	2952-FS2T.0.1E.025-ND

Connections

Application Schematic

Sensor Details

High Flow Diagram

Gerber View

Photos

Video

FS2 Flow SensorDatasheet

12-75V Input to 10V Output DC-DC Buck Converter

This is a versatile synchronous Buck DC/DC converter built using the LM5007 chip. It operates with an input voltage range 12V to 75V_DC, and provides 10V/250mA output. The regulator can provide load current up to 400mA, but it is advisable to draw only 250mA due to the small thermal area (small PCB). The default output of the converter is set to 10V_dc. The output is adjustable by changing the feedback resistor values R1 and R4. You may refer to the datasheet of the LM5007 chip for more info.

Features

Operating Input Voltage Range of 12 V to 75 V
Output 10V @ 250mA (Output Up to 400mA with forced air)
Adjustable Output Voltage
High-Efficiency Operation
Adaptive Constant On-Time Control Architecture
Ultra-Fast Transient Response
No Control Loop Compensation Required
Nearly Constant Switching Frequency
PWM On-Time Varies Inversely with Input Voltage
Low Input Quiescent Current
Inherent Protection Features for Robust Design
Intelligent Current Limit Protection
V_C_C and Gate Drive U_VLO Protection
Thermal Shutdown Protection with Hysteresis
PCB Dimensions 20 x 14.29mm

The LM5007 Step down-switching regulator features all of the functions needed to implement low-cost, efficient, Buck bias regulators. This high-voltage regulator contains an 80V, 0.7A N-channel Buck switch. The regulator is based on a hysteretic control scheme using an on-time inversely proportional to input voltage (VIN). This feature allows the operating frequency to remain relatively constant with load and input voltage variations. The hysteretic control requires no control loop compensation while providing fast load transient response. Additional protection features include: Thermal Shutdown, VCC undervoltage lockout, and maximum duty–cycle limiter. LM5007 can be used in numerous applications to efficiently regulate step-down higher voltage input This regulator is well suited for 48V telecom and the new 42V automotive power bus ranges. The LM5007 operates in discontinuous conduction mode at light load currents or continuous conduction mode at heavier load currents. In discontinuous conduction mode, current through the output inductor starts at zero, ramps up to the peak value during the buck switch on time, and then back to zero during buck switch-off time. In discontinuous conduction mode, the operating frequency can be relatively low and will vary with load. Therefore, at light loads, the conversion efficiency is maintained, since switching losses decrease with reduction in switching frequency.

Connections

Pin 1 = Voltage Input 12V to 75V
Pin 2 = NC
Pin 3 = GND
Pin 4 = NC
Pin 5 = Output 10V, 250mA

Schematic

Parts List

NO.	QNTY.	REF.	DESC.	MANUFACTURER	SUPPLIER	SUPPLIER PART NO
1	1	CN1	5 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	ADAM TECH	DIGIKEY	2057-PH1RB-05-UA-ND
2	1	C1	10nF/50V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
3	1	C2	1uF/100V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 1206	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
4	2	C3,C4	100nF/100V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
5	1	C5	15uF/25V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 1206	TDK	DIGIKEY	445-14681-1-ND
6	1	D1	ES1B 100V /1A ULTRA FAST	ONSEMI	DIGIKEY	ES1BFSCT-ND
7	1	L1	100uH/700mA	BOURNS	DIGIKEY	SRN6045-101MCT-ND
8	1	R1	3.01K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
9	1	R2	200K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
10	1	R3	1E 5% SMD SIZE 1206	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
11	1	R4	1K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
12	1	R5	100K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
13	1	U1	LM5007 8VSSOP	TI	DIGIKEY	296-35287-1-ND

Connections

Gerber View

Photos

Video

LM5007 Datasheet

10μA-10mA Low-Side Current Sensor

This single-supply, low-side, current-sensing solution accurately detects load current between 10μΑ and 10mA. A unique yet simple gain-switching network was implemented to measure the three-decade load current range accurately. The linear range of the output is from 100mV to 4.90V. INA326 instrumentation amplifier is used since low-side sensing is desirable because the common-mode voltage is near the ground. Therefore, the current sensing solution is independent of bus voltage, which allows for using single-supply, rail-to-rail input/output (RRIO) amplifiers. Low-side current sensing places a shunt resistor between the system load and the ground. The current drawn by the load generates a voltage across the shunt resistor. The output voltage of the circuit is equal to the current sense across the shunt resistor and the gain of the amplifier. A high-value resistor is used as a shunt for accurate current sense. It is advisable to use 0.1% tolerance shunt resistor R2.

Credits: Circuit is from Texas Instruments Application Note

Features

Supply 5V DC
Input Current Range 10uA to 10mA
Output 100mV(0,1V) to 4.90V
On Board Power LED
Very Small Board
PCB Dimensions 28.10 x 17.30 mm

Connections

CN1L Pin 1 = VCC 5V DC, Pin 2 = GND, Pin 3 = GND, Pin 4 = Output 100mV to 5V
CN2: Pin 1 = Current Input, Pin 2 = GND
D1: Power LED
J1: Gain Set

Schematic

Parts List

NO	QNTY.	REF.	DESC.	MANUFACTURER	SUPPLIER	SUPPLIER PART NO
1	1	CN1	4 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5317-ND
2	1	CN2	2 PIN SCREW TERMINAL PITCH 5.08MM	PHOENIX	DIGIKEY	277-1247-ND
3	1	C1	1uF/25V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
4	1	C2	194PF/25V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
5	1	C3	10PF/50V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
6	1	C4	100nF/50V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
7	1	C5	10uF/25V CERAMCIS SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
8	1	D1	LED SMD SIZE 0805	OSRAM	DIGIKEY	475-1278-1-ND
9	1	J1	2 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5315-ND
10	1	R1	50K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
11	1	R2	25E 0.1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
12	1	R3	100E 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
13	1	R4	100K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
14	1	R5	1K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
15	1	R6	511K 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
16	1	R7	10M 1% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
17	1	U1	INA326	TI	DIGIKEY	INA326EA/2K5CT-ND
18	1	J1	SHUNT FOR JUMPER	SULINS CONNECT	DIGIKEY	S9001-ND

Connections

Gerber View

Photos

Video

INA326 Datasheet

Precision Switched Integrator Transimpedance Amplifier

This project is based on IVC102 chip from Texas Instruments. This chip is a precision integrating amplifier with FET OPAMP, integrating capacitors, and low leakage FET switches. It integrates low-level input current for a user-determined period, storing the resulting voltage on the integrating capacitor. The output voltage can be held for accurate measurement. The IVC102 provides a precision, lower-noise alternative to conventional transimpedance OPAMP circuits that require a very high-value feedback resistor. The project is ideal for amplifying low-level sensor currents from photodiodes and ionization chambers. The input signal current can be positive or negative. TTL/CMOS-compatible timing inputs control the integration period, hold, and reset functions to set the effective transimpedance gain and reset (discharge) the integrator capacitor. Jumpers are provided to configure the circuit for photodiode amplifier or ionization chamber measurement.

Note: The project is a breakout board for the IVC102 chip. It can be used in many applications such as low current measurement, Photodiode measurement, and ionization chamber measurement. Read the datasheet of the chip for more info.

Features

Power Supply +/-15V Dc
On-Chip Integrating Capacitors
Switch Signal TTL 5V
Gain Programmed By Timing
Low Input Bias Current: 750fA Max
Low Noise
Low Switch Charge Injection
Fast Pulse Integration
Low Nonlinearity: 0.005% Type
PCB Dimensions 28.73 x 20.96 mm
2 x 2.5mm Mounting Holes

Applications

Precision Low Current Measurement
Photodiode Measurements
Ionization Chamber Measurements
Current/Charge-Output Sensors
Leakage Current Measurement

Basic Reset-and-Integrate Measurement

Figure 1 shows the circuit and timing for a simple reset-and integrate measurement. The input current is connected directly to the inverting input of the IVC102, pin 3. Input current is shown flowing out of pin 3, which produces a positive-going ramp at VO. Current flowing into pin 3 would produce a negative-going ramp. A measurement cycle starts by resetting the integrator output voltage to 0V by closing S2 for 10µs. Integration of the input current begins when S2 opens and the input current begins to charge CINT. VO is measured with a sampling a/d converter the end of an integration period, just prior to the next reset period. The ideal result is proportional to the average input current (or total accumulated charge). Switch S2 is again closed to reset the integrator output to 0V before the next integration period. This simple measurement arrangement is suited to many applications. There are, however, limitations to this basic approach. Input current continues to flow through S2 during the reset period. This leaves a small voltage on CINT equal to the input current times RS2, the on-resistance of S2, approximately 1.5kΩ. In addition, the offset voltage of the internal op amp and charge injection of S2 contribute to the voltage on CINT at the start of integration. Performance of this basic approach can be improved by sampling VO after the reset period at T1 and subtracting this measurement from the final sample at T2. Op amp offset voltage, charge injection effects and I•RS2 offset voltage on S2 are removed with this two-point measurement. The effective integration period is the time between the two measurements, T2-T1.

Switched-Input Measurement Technique

While the basic reset-and-integrate measurement arrangement in Figure 1 is satisfactory for many applications, the switched-input timing technique shown in Figure 3 has important advantages. This method can provide continuous integration of the input signal. Furthermore, it can hold the output voltage constant after integration for stable conversion (desirable for AD converter without a sample/hold). Input connections and timing are shown in Figure 3. The timing diagram, Figure 3b, shows that S1 is closed only when S2 is open. During the short period that S1 is open (30µs in this timing example), any signal current produced by the sensor will charge the sensor’s source capacitance. This charge is then transferred to CINT when S1 is closed. As a result, no charge produced by the sensor is lost and the input signal is continuously integrated. Even fast input pulses are accurately integrated.

The input current, IIN, is shown as a conventional current flowing into pin 2 in this diagram but the input current could be bipolar (positive or negative). Current flowing out of pin2 would produce a positive-ramping VO. The timing sequence proceeds as follows: Reset Period The integrator is reset by closing switch S2 with S1 open. A 10µs reset time is recommended to allow the op amp to slew to 0V and settle to its final value-Integration Hold S2 is opened, holding VO constant for 10µs prior to integration. This pre-integration hold period assures that S2 is fully open before S1 is closed so that no input signal is lost. A minimum of 1µs is recommended to avoid switching overlap. The 10µs hold period shown in Figure 3b also allows an a/d converter measurement to be made at point A. The purpose of this measurement at A is discussed in the “Offset Errors” section. Integration on CINT Integration of the input current on CINT begins when S1 is closed. An immediate step output voltage change occurs at the charge that was stored on the input sensor capacitance is transferred to CINT. Although this period of charging CINT occurs only while S1 is closed, the charge transferred as S1 is closed causes the effective integration time to be equal to the complete conversion period—see Figure 3b. The integration period could range from 100µs to many minutes, depending on the input current and CINT value. While S1 is closed, IIN charges CINT, producing a negative going ramp at the integrator output voltage, VO. The output voltage at the end of integration is proportional to the average input current throughout the complete conversion cycle, including the integration period, reset and both hold periods. Hold Period Opening S1 halts integration on CINT. Approximately 5µs after S1 is opened, the output voltage is stable and can be measured (at point B). The hold period is 10µs in this example. CINT remains charged until a S2 is again closed, to reset for the next conversion cycle. In this timing example, S1 is open for a total of 30µs. During this time, signal current from the sensor charges the sensor source capacitance. Care should be used to assure that the voltage developed on the sensor does not exceed approximately 200mV during this time. The IIN terminal, pin 2, is internally clamped with diodes. If these diodes forward bias, signal current will flow to ground and will not be accurately integrated. A maximum of 333nA signal current could be accurately integrated on a 50pF sensor capacitance for 30µs before200mV would be developed on the sensor. IMAX = (50pF) (200mV)/30µs = 333nA

Connections

Pin 1 = +15V DC
Pin 2 = GND
Pin 3 = -15V DC
Pin 4 = GND
Pin 5 = S2
Pin 6 = S1
Pin 7 = GND
Pin 8 = Output
Jumper J1 and J2 for Photo Diode or Ionized Chamber Selection
D2: Photodiode, Select as per Application Requirements
D1: Power LED

Schematic

Parts List

NO	QNTY.	REF	DESC	MANUFACTURER	SUPPLIER	SUPPLIER PART NO
1	1	CN1	8 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5321-ND
2	2	C1,C3	100nF/50V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
3	2	C2,C4	10uF/25V CERAMIC SMD SIZE 1210 OR 1206	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
4	1	D1	LED SMD SIZE 0805	OSRAM	DIGIKEY	475-1278-1-ND
5	1	D2	PHOTODIODE , AS PER APPLICATION
6	2	J2	3 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5316-ND
7	1	R1	2.2K 5% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
8	1	R2	0E 5% SMD SIZE 0805	YAGEO/MURATA	DIGIKEY
9	1	U1	IVC102	TI	DIGIKEY	296-41281-1-ND
10	1	J1	2 PIN MALE HEADER PITCH 2.54MM	WURTH	DIGIKEY	732-5315-ND
11	1	J1,J2	SHUNT FOR JUMPER J1,J2	SULINS CONNCT	DIGIKEY	S9001-ND

Connections

Block Diagram

Application Schematic

Measurements Schematic

Gerber View

Photos

IVC102 Datasheet

MYIR Launches New SOM Based on Allwinner T527 Octa-core Processor

Posted on 7 March, 202410 March, 2024 by mixos

cover photo: MYC-LT527 Top-view and Bottom-view (delivered with shielding cover installed by default)

MYIR has launched the MYC-LT527, a cost-effective System-on-Module (SoM) that is equipped with the Allwinner T527 AI platform SoC. This SoC delivers superior computing power with its Octa-core ARM Cortex-A55 CPU, up to 1.8GHz main frequency, and strong G57 MC1 GPU performance. For users with higher performance needs, the T527 supports up to 2 TOPs NPU, further enhancing AI computing capabilities.

The MYC-LT527 performs well in hardware configuration. It integrates 2GB/4GB LPDDR4, 16GB/32GB eMMC, 32Kbit EEPROM and power management IC (PMIC), and adopts 381-pin expansion interface design in LGA packaging, enabling the base board to carry the most I/O signals to and from the SOM, providing users with more flexible and powerful scalability. Compact in size at only 45mm by 43mm, the MYC-LT527 is ready to run Android operation system and suitable for a range of application scenarios, including high-performance industrial robots, energy and power, medical equipment, display and controller machines, edge board AI boxes, vehicle terminals and other embedded devices that require media and AI functionalities.

Features Of MYC-LT527 SOM

Dimensions: 45mm x 43mm
PCB Layers: 12-layer design
Power supply: 5V/3A
Working temperature: -40~85 Celsius (industrial grade) or -20~70 Celsius (extended temperature)
OS support: Android 13
- Allwinner T527 processor
- Octa-core ARM Cortex-A55, up to 1.8GHz
- RISC-V CPU, up to 200 MHz
- 600MHz HIFI4 Audio DSP
- ARM G57 MC1 GPU
- Up to 2 Tops NPU
2GB LPDDR4 (supports optional 1GB / 4GB LPDDR4)
16GB eMMC (supports optional 8GB / 32GB eMMC)
32Kbit EEPROM
Power Management IC
- 381-pin LGA Expansion Interfaces
- 2 x RGMII/RMII
- 1 x PCIe2.1, RC mode (reused with USB3.1)
- 1 x USB 2.0 DRD
- 1 x USB 2.0 Host
- 1 x USB 3.1 DRD (reused with PCIe2.1)
- 2 x SDIO 3.0
- 10 x UART
- 2 x CAN
- 9 x I2C
- 30 x PWM
- 4 x SPI
- 24 x GPADC, 12-bit
- 2 x LRADC, 6-bit
- 1 x Parallel CSI, 16-bit
- 1 x HDMI 2.0
- 1 x eDP
- 2 x LVDS with dual link- 2 x RGB
- 4+4-lane, 4+2+2-lane, or 2+2+2+2-lane MIPI-CSI
- 2 x MIPI-DSI
- 2 x DACs and 3 x ADCs
- 3 x audio outputs
- 3 x audio inputs
- 4 x I2S/PCM
- 1 x SPIF I/O
- 2 x CIR RX and 1 x CIR TX
- Up to 138 x GPIO

Note: the peripheral signals brought out to the expansion interface are listed in the maximum number. Some signals are reused. Please refer to the processor datasheet and SOM pin-out description file.

MYIR offers the MYD-LT527 Development Board for evaluating the MYC-LT527. This board is assembled by soldering the MYC-LT527 SOM onto a base board, which serves as an expansion board tailor-made for use with the MYC-LT527 module. It is equipped with a comprehensive range of interfaces, including one USB3.0, two USB2.0, two Gigabit Ethernet, two CAN interfaces, a WiFi/Bluetooth module, a Micro SD card slot, an Audio interface, two Mini-CSI interfaces, and multiple display interfaces: HDMI, Mini-DP, MIPI-DSI and LVDS. It also features a 40-pin RPI-compatible expansion interface and a MYIR custom 40-pin expansion interface, MI Fans PI interface, for increased expandability. Additionally, MYIR offers an optional MY-CAM003M Camera Module, MY-WIREDCOM RPI Module (RS232/RS485/CAN) and MY-LVDS070C LCD Module, which greatly enhance the functionality of the board.

MYD-LT527 Development Board (delivered with heatsink installed by default)

MYD-LT527 Development Board Block Diagram

MYIR provides four standard configurations for the MYC-LT527 SOM to meet the different needs of the customers. The modules are affordable and we also offer discounts for bulk purchases.

More information about the MYC-LT527 SOM can be found at: https://www.myirtech.com/list.asp?id=749

Unveiling Ultra-Low Latency Video Streamer for Live Streaming in 2024

Posted on 7 March, 20244 September, 2024 by mixos

Over the years, streaming media has been gaining traction, whether it be live broadcasts of events or the use of drone technology for various applications. However, achieving low latency whilst streaming becomes challenging when it comes to actual live streaming in real time. Furthermore, 4K video delivery with ultra low latency requires a highly reliable codec mechanism to optimize end-to-end video delivery.

What is Ultra Low Latency Video Streaming?

Ultra low latency (ULL) streaming is a technology designed to minimize the delay between the content creation and its delivery to end-users. In the context of live streaming, low latency is crucial to ensure real-time interaction and engagement, as delays can hinder the viewer experience, particularly in scenarios where real-time communication is essential.

How low is ultra low latency?

A good low latency is usually 15 seconds to milliseconds. Ultra low latency streaming operates with less than a one-second delay, i.e. milliseconds or even less, ensuring seamless and perfectly synchronized video playback for viewers. As a result, you get

Better synchronization of live events
Enhanced use experience with less buffering time
Competitive advantage in industries that require split-second decision-making

Key Components of ULL Streamer Solution

Video Interfaces: ULL streamers boast high-end video interfaces such as 12G-SDI, HDMI2.0, and DP1.2, supporting resolutions up to 4K at 60fps. This ensures the transmission of high-quality visuals with exceptional clarity and detail.
High-Speed Connectivity: With dual Gigabit Ethernet connectivity, ULL streamers establish high-speed connections, facilitating swift and reliable data transfer. This is essential for maintaining low latency and ensuring a smooth streaming experience.
Storage and Recording Options: ULL streamers offer flexibility in content handling, allowing users to live stream or record directly to M.2 SSD or USB storage. This capability ensures that content creators can choose the most suitable method for their specific requirements.
Advanced Video Encoding: Equipped with HEVC (H.265) and AVC (H.264) encoders and decoders, ULL streamers enable compressing and decompressing video streams simultaneously at resolutions of up to 3840×2160 pixels at 60fps.
Multi Video Streaming Protocol Support: ULL streamers support a range of video streaming protocols such as RTMP, and UDP/RTP, enhancing compatibility and facilitating seamless integration with various streaming platforms and devices.
AES Encryption/Decryption: Security is paramount in live streaming. ULL streamers feature AES encryption and decryption capabilities, ensuring secure broadcasting and protecting content from unauthorized access.
User Controllable via Web Browser: ULL streamers offer user-friendly control interfaces accessible via web browsers, providing a convenient and intuitive way for users to manage and customize their streaming settings.
Live Streaming Platform Compatibility: ULL streamers seamlessly integrate with popular live streaming platforms such as YouTube and Wowza, offering users the flexibility to choose their preferred broadcasting channels.
Low Latency Performance Metrics: ULL streamers excel in reducing latency throughout the streaming process. Capture, encode, and transmitting side latency is minimized to 11 milliseconds, while receive, decode, and display latency is an impressive 9 milliseconds.

How it Works?

The ULL Streamer Encoder and Decoder system stands as a cutting-edge solution, seamlessly managing the intricate process of processing and transmitting raw video data from the source to the end user.

At the onset, the ULL Streamer receives raw video data from sources like a camera or laptop via interfaces like 12G SDI or HDMI 2.0. To enhance the integrity and confidentiality of the transmitted data, the raw video undergoes AES encryption. The encrypted video data is then transmitted via Ethernet, providing a reliable and scalable means of communication. This step facilitates the efficient transfer of video data to the display stage of the system, much like how UK betting sites not on Gamstop ensure a seamless and secure betting experience for users, bypassing certain restrictions while maintaining user data protection.

The transmitted video can be displayed in popular live streaming platforms like Youtube/Wowza using RTMP protocol or on a display monitor using the UDP/RTP protocol via another ULL streamer dedicated to decoding the video data for display.

The ULL Streamer Decoder decodes the encrypted video data, restoring it to its original format for display. The decoded video is then presented on a monitor through various output interfaces, including SDI, HDMI, or DP. This ensures flexibility and compatibility with different types of display devices.

ULL Video Streaming Solution and How to Pick the Right Fit

When choosing a ULL Streamer, various factors should be considered, such as the nature of the client and the end application.

Less than 1 second’s latency
Ultra low latency solutions typically target delays in the milliseconds range. Understanding your specific latency requirements is crucial for selecting the right solution.
Video codec to optimize end-to-end latency
ULL solutions should use high-quality codecs (like HEVC (H.264)/AVC (H.265)) which can significantly impact the overall video quality and transmission speed.
Simple to set up and use
User-friendly interfaces and control setup process to make the implementation more accessible for users with varying levels of technical expertise.
Device and platform compatibility
Opt for a streaming solution that seamlessly supports multiple display interfaces (SDI, HDMI, DP) and video protocols (RTMP, UDP/RTP). This ensures adaptability to diverse setups and streaming scenarios.
Security mechanism
It should support encryption and secure transmission protocols to help protect video streams from unauthorized access and tampering.

ULL Video Streamer and Use Cases

Let us try to understand how these cutting-edge solutions are reshaping the landscape of real-time content delivery, providing users with an unparalleled streaming experience.

Live sports broadcasting
Live sports events demand low latency to provide viewers with an immersive and real-time experience. ULL streamers enable sports broadcasters to deliver high-quality content with minimal delay, ensuring fans receive updates and highlights in near real-time.
Concerts and Live Events
Event organizers leverage ULL streamers to broadcast live performances with minimal latency. This allows for virtual attendance, live fan interactions, and the creation of immersive online experiences for audiences around the globe.
Security and Surveillance
ULL streamers play a pivotal role in security and surveillance applications, ensuring real-time monitoring of public spaces and private facilities. Timely access to live video feeds enhances situational awareness and response capabilities.
Gaming and Esports
In the gaming industry, where split-second decisions matter, ULL streamers provide a competitive advantage. Gamers can share their gameplay with minimal delay, fostering a more interactive and immersive experience for both players and viewers.
Remote Collaboration and Webinars
ULL streaming is reshaping remote collaboration and webinar experiences. Real-time interactions, Q&A sessions, and instant feedback become seamless, transforming virtual meetings and webinars into engaging and participatory events.
Education and Learning
ULL streamers enhance the e-learning experience by enabling real-time interaction between educators and students. Virtual classrooms, live tutorials, and interactive educational content are made more effective with minimal latency.

For more information, please contact mktg@iwavesystems.com

FORTEC Integrated introduces the new iBASE 3.5″ Single Board Computer IB961

Posted on 7 March, 20247 March, 2024 by mixos

High performance for edge computing in transportation, industrial automation, and medical technology

FORTEC Integrated (Distec GmbH), one of the leading German specialists in industrial TFT flat screens, embedded products, and system solutions, presents the new IB961 SBC from iBASE. It is equipped with powerful Raptor Lake Intel® Core™ processors, offering 4 to 6 performance cores and 4 to 8 efficiency cores depending on the version. Thomas Schrefel, Product Manager Embedded at FORTEC Integrated / Distec, explained:

“In this hybrid architecture, the E-cores handle system tasks efficiently, while the powerful P-cores are only activated when high computing power is required. This creates a highly efficient platform for applications such as onboard computers, infotainment, or vehicle control systems.”

The IB961 also finds diverse applications in industrial automation as well as medical and laboratory technology.

With up to 32GB DDR5 SO-DIMM memory and Hyper-Threading, the IB961 processes more information in less time. Its versatile interfaces make it a true all-rounder: Up to 4 displays can be easily controlled via two DisplayPort 1.2, one LVDS, and one eDP interface. Six USB ports allow for easy connection of additional peripherals, such as touchscreens. Two 2.5Gbit/s LAN interfaces and three M.2 (M-Key, E-Key, B-Key) slots provide optimal connectivity options and serve as a basis for Wi-Fi and 5G communication.

A wide input voltage range of 12 to 24V and an operating temperature range of 0 to 60 °C complement the IB961’s high flexibility for versatile applications.

About FORTEC Integrated / Distec

FORTEC Integrated / Distec GmbH is a FORTEC Group company, a globally active and recognized specialist in the field of display technology and embedded computing for projects from all industries. The company, headquartered in Germering near Munich and with a factory in Hörselberg-Hainich near Eisenach, develops, manufactures, and markets innovative solutions and a wide range of components, TFT displays, embedded boards, systems, and services. The innovative solutions from assemblies and kits to OEM end products are based on hardware and software developed by FORTEC Integrated / Distec in its own design center in Germering. FORTEC Integrated / Distec’s range of services includes customer-specific developments and adaptations, product refinements such as VacuBond® optical bonding and the assembly of monitor systems, as well as the manufacture of finished products. A wide range of touch screens and the internal touch competence center enable individual touch solutions even for difficult environmental conditions. In addition, FORTEC Integrated / Distec GmbH can draw on the goods, services, and know-how of the extensive FORTEC high-tech company network. Further information can be found at https://www.distec.de/en/

The products of FORTEC Integrated / Distec GmbH are available at:

Europe: Distec GmbH, Germering, https://www.distec.de/en/ UK and Benelux: FORTEC United Kingdom, Huntingdon, https://www.fortec.uk North America: Apollo Display Technologies, Ronkonkoma NY, http://www.apollodisplays.com/ Turkey and Middle East: DATA DISPLAY BİLİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ LTD ŞTi., Istanbul

Videos are available in Distec’s Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@DistecGmbH

Alinx Releases Development Board and SoM with AMD Versal™

Posted on 7 March, 20247 March, 2024 by mixos

Alinx releases the VD100 development board with AMD/Xilinx Versal™ AI Edge VE2302. As one of the Tier-1 SoM (System-on-Module) partners, Alinx works closely with AMD to build the ecosystem. The price of VD100 is fixed at 800 USD to attract more people to utilize and benefit from AMD FPGA and AI technology. Equipped with a multitude of peripherals, at an affordable price, VD100 is the ideal starter’s development board for applications based on AMD’s Versal devices. The pluggable module offers users the flexibility to customize their own carrier boards for mass production. VD100 will be exhibited at Embedded World Nuremberg 2024 in April at AMD’s booth.

Applications of AMD’s Versal™ AI Edge series

The heatsink kit with fan and SD card would be delivered with the development board by default. There are add-on options including AN5020 MIPI camera and AN7000 LVDS LCD to enable users to get started right away.

The Versal™ AI Edge series delivers high performance, low latency AI inference for intelligence in automated driving, predictive factory and healthcare systems, multi-mission payloads in aerospace, and a breadth of other applications. As an adaptive compute acceleration platform, it offers AIE-ML and DSP hardware acceleration engines, along with multiple high-speed connectivity options. support a breadth of workloads common in edge applications including AI inference, image processing, and motion control.
The VD100 development board features PCIe3.0 x4, 2 x SFP+ (12.5Gbps per line), 2 x Gigabit Ethernet, 2 x 4 lane MIPI on PL, LVDS LCD, USB 2.0, etc.

VD100 Development Board with Interface Markings

The V100 SoM is a minimum system ready to run Linux which integrates VE2302 SoC as well as 4GB DDR4 SDRAM, 64MB QSPI Flash and 8GB eMMC Flash. The V100 SoM is connected to the base board via 2 160-pin Samtec board-to-board connectors. With a compact design, V100 is measuring only 65 x 60 mm.

About Alinx

Alinx is an innovative and successful FPGA/SoC focused company located in Shanghai, China. Alinx offers an extensive portfolio of standard System-on-Modules (SoMs) and development boards and FMC cards, a wide range of technical support, solutions on vertical markets and full-stack design services. With broad expertise and flexible cooperation modes, Alinx can help customers manage project risk, lower total cost of ownership and accelerate time to market.

More information can be found at: https://www.en.alinx.com

e-con Systems launches New Rugged PoE HDR Camera with Cloud-Based Device Management

Posted on 7 March, 20247 March, 2024 by mixos

e-con Systems™, a global leader in embedded vision solutions, introduces a new IP67-rated HDR PoE camera—RouteCAM_CU22, the powerful addition to its high-performance Ethernet camera series for tough outdoor conditions. Equipped with the Sony® STARVIS™ 2 IMX662 sensor and superior HDR capability, this Full HD Power over Ethernet (PoE) camera delivers exceptional image quality.

RouteCAM_CU22 camera is compatible with CloVis Central™, an easy-to-use and powerful cloud-based device management platform that remotely manages entire on-field device operations, enabling faster time to market, reduced costs, and enhanced application success rates. The camera has been qualified for Road Vehicles Standards such as ISO 16750, ISO 20653:2013, and more. These standards ensure its ability to withstand extreme temperatures and guarantee durability and resilience for outdoor deployment in any environment with an IP67 rating.

The camera’s advanced built-in ISP dynamically adjusts exposure time and white balance, ensuring accurate color reproduction and optimal performance in low-light scenarios. This GigE HDR camera can stream compressed 1080p video at up to 60 fps with low latency.

“RouteCAM_CU22 epitomizes excellence in HDR PoE camera technology, delivering superior image quality and resilience in challenging outdoor conditions. As we push the boundaries of innovation, e-con Systems introduces CloVis Central™, a cloud-based device management platform for the RouteCAM_CU22 camera, redefining the way you interact with your cameras. Along with this platform, RouteCAM_CU22 stands out from the series for its industrial-grade temperature support, IP67 rating, and ultra-low-light sensor, making it an ideal solution for a wide range of outdoor applications.” said Suresh Madhu, Head of Product Marketing at e-con Systems.

With such comprehensive features, this camera is an ideal solution for various applications, including Autonomous vehicles, Smart traffic, Patient monitoring, Parking lot management, and Surround-view systems.

Introduction Video

Availability

To evaluate the capabilities of the RouteCAM_CU22, please visit the online web store and purchase the product.

Customization and integration support

e-con Systems, with its deep expertise in and knowledge of various camera interfaces, provides the necessary customization services and end-to-end integration support for RouteCAM_CU22. It ensures that unique application requirements can be easily met. If you are looking for any customization or integration support, please write to us at camerasolutions@e-consystems.com.

SparkFun’s New MicroMod Single Pair Ethernet Kit: Built for 10BASE-T1L Experimentation

Posted on 4 March, 2024 by Debashis Das

Sparkfun has recently introduced a MicroMod Single Pair Ethernet Kit featuring the Analog Devices ADIN1110 transceiver which is capable of handling 10BASE-T1L communications.

10BASE-T1L is an Ethernet standard that enables long-range communication over a single twisted pair of wires, supporting speeds up to 10 Mbps and distances up to 1 kilometer, primarily used in industrial and building automation.

SparkFun made things easier by designing the board to be compatible with their MicroMod ecosystem. MicroMod is a modular interface ecosystem for quick embedded development and prototyping. This unique combination will allow for testing connections between industrial devices over long distances, up to 1,700 meters.

The main feature of this board is the Analog Devices ADIN1110 transceiver which enables 10BASE-T1L Ethernet by using a single twisted pair for lightweight, long-distance data transmission at 10Mbps by the 802.3cg IEEE standard, all without delivering power over the cable.

The MicroMod Single Pair Ethernet Kit is a combination of SparkFun MicroMod Single Pair Ethernet Function Board – ADIN1110 and SparkFun MicroMod Main Board the features of those two are listed below

SparkFun MicroMod Single Pair Ethernet Kit Specification:

SparkFun MicroMod Single Pair Ethernet Function Board
- Ethernet Communication
  - 10BASE-T1L IEEE Standard 802.3cg-2019 compliant transceiver.
  - Single-Pair Ethernet transmission at speeds up to 10Mbps.
  - 1km transmission distance (1.7km max cable reach).
  - Supply Voltage of 1.8V or 3.3V (Function Board operates the ADIN1110 at 3.3V).
  - 2.4V transmission amplitude.
  - Integrated MAC connects via SPI, supporting 16 MAC addresses.
  - Supports both Generic and OPEN Alliance SPI protocols.
SparkFun MicroMod Main Board:
- Power Supply and Protection:
  - Accepts an Input Voltage Range of 5V via USB-C or ~3.7V to 4.2V via LiPo Battery
  - Equipped with a Built-in Resettable PTC Fuse (5V/2A)
  - Features AP7361C(3.3V/1A) and AP7347DQ (3.3V/500mA for Qwiic devices) Voltage Regulators
  - Includes an Integrated MCP73831 Single Cell LiPo Charge Circuit (500mA)
- Connectivity and Ports:
  - Offers 1x USB Type-C Connector and 1x 2-Pin JST Connector for LiPo Battery
  - Provides M.2 Connectors for one MicroMod Processor Board and one Function Board
  - Includes 2x Qwiic Enabled I2C connectors and 1x MicroSD Card Socket
  - Features 1x SWD 2×5 Header for programming/debugging and a Built-in MUX for UART1
- User Interface:
  - Contains Buttons for Reset and Boot operations
  - Equipped with LEDs indicating VIN, 3.3V, Qwiic 3.3V, and Charging status (CHG)
- Physical Attributes and Additional Features:
  - Board Dimensions are 3.40″ x 2.90″
  - Includes Plated Through Holes and Jumpers for GND, SEL, TXO, RXI, RST, 5V (MEAS), VBAT, 3.3V (MEAS), and more

The kit offers essential documentation for easy setup and use, including hookup guides for the Ethernet Function and MicroMod Main Boards, ADIN1110 and T1 Jack datasheets, an Arduino library, hardware design files on GitHub, and comprehensive MicroMod documentation and forums for support. There is also a getting started guide for the board.

The MicroMod Main Board is designed with an M.2 connector which lets the swapping modules easily. The Single Pair Ethernet board connects to the main board, enabling programming via the onboard USB-C port, which also powers the entire setup. Additional features include Reset/boot buttons, SWD pinouts, a 2A fuse, dual voltage regulators, PTH jumpers, a LiPo battery connector with charging IC, status LEDs, a microSD slot, and Qwiic connectors for I2C expansion, among other peripherals on the board.

The Kit includes two SparkFun MicroMod Single Pair Ethernet Function boards featuring ADIN1110, two MicroMod Main boards, and a 0.5m shielded Ethernet cable. Sold on SparkFun for $89.95.