Diodes IncorporatedAP3128 PWM Controller is a peak-current control and multi-mode (QR+CCM) PWM controller. This controller is optimized for high performance, low standby power, and cost-effective offline flyback converters. The AP3128 is designed to enter burst mode at no-load/light-load and minimizes standby power consumption. This controller features a 105kHz maximum switching frequency that clamps the QR frequency to reduce switching power loss and the minimum frequency avoids audible noise. The AP3128 controller offers multi-mode control, soft start during the startup process, frequency foldback for high average efficiency, and secondary winding short protection with FOCP. Typical applications include a cell phone charger, Power Delivery (PD) application, ATX/BTX auxiliary power, Set-Top Box (STB) power supply, open frame switching power supply.
Features
Multi-mode control
Quasi-Resonant (QR) operation at high line voltage
Continuous Current Mode (CCM) operation at low line voltage
Non-audible noise quasi-resonant control
Soft start during the startup process
Frequency fold back for high average efficiency
Constant Over Current Protection (OCP)
Secondary winding short protection with FOCP
Frequency dithering for reducing EMI
Useful Pin fault protection:
SENSE pin floating
FB/optocoupler open/short
Comprehensive system protection feature:
VCC Overvoltage Protection (VOVP)
Overload Protection (OLP)
Brown Out Protection (BNO)
Specifications
10V to 50V supply voltage range
-40°C to 150°C operating junction temperature range
Maxim’s highly integrated charger, fuel gauge, protector, and battery internal self-discharge detection IC for 1-cell lithium-ion/polymer batteries
Maxim’s MAX17330 regulates charge voltage, current, and FET temperature with stand-alone charging supported by flexible configuration in nonvolatile memory. The IC supports the following applications: low-power charging including 1 mA to 500 mA directly from universal 5 V USB, high-power parallel packs (>1000 mA), and protection and charging control, pack or host side.
The MAX17330 ideal diode circuit supports a quick response to system transients and adapter removal with a low voltage drop across the CHG FET.
The IC uses the ModelGauge™ m5 EZ algorithm that combines the short-term accuracy and linearity of a coulomb counter with the long-term stability of a voltage-based fuel gauge to provide industry-leading accuracy. The IC automatically compensates for cell aging, temperature, and discharge rate while providing accurate state-of-charge (SOC) in milliampere-hours or percentage over a wide range of operating conditions.
The IC monitors the voltage, current, temperature, and state of the battery to protect against over/undervoltage, overcurrent, short-circuit, over/undertemperature and overcharge conditions, and internal self-discharge protection using external high-side N-FETs to ensure that the lithium-ion/polymer battery operates under safe conditions which prolong the life of the battery.
MPS’ 18 V 2 A motor driver features include input OVP, UVLO, RD protection, thermal shutdown, and input reverse protection
MPS’ MP6650 single-phase brushless DC motor driver has integrated power MOSFETs and a Hall effect sensor. The device drives single-phase brushless DC fan motors with up to 2 A of output current. The IC has a 3.3 V to 18 V input voltage range and input line reverse-voltage protection (RVP) to save the external diode on the supply line. The device controls the rotational speed through the PWM signal on the PWM pin. It has a rotational speed detection feature and rotor lock fault indication on the frequency generator (FG)/rotor deadlock (RD) pin with open-drain output. The output speed versus the input duty curve can be configured easily for flexible use.
The MP6650 features a soft on/off phase transition and an automatic phase-lock function of the motor winding BEMF and current to reduce audible fan driver noise and power loss. Full protection features include input overvoltage protection (OVP), undervoltage lockout (UVLO), RD protection, thermal shutdown, and input reverse protection. The MP6650 requires a minimal number of external components to save solution cost and is available in TSOT23-6-L, TSOT23-6-R, TSOT23-6-SL, and TSOT23-6-RSL packages.
Features
Embedded Hall sensor with high sensitivity
Wide 3.3 V to 18 V operating input range
Up to 2 A configurable current limit
Integrated power MOSFETs: total 740 mΩ (HS-FET and LS-FET)
Configurable speed curve
Built-in adjustable speed curve corner setting
Automatic phase-lock detection of winding BEMF and current zero-crossing
Soft on/off phase transition
Rotational speed indicator FG signal
2 kHz to 100 kHz PWM input frequency range
Fixed 26 kHz output switching frequency
Input line RVP
RD protection
Thermal protection and automatic recovery
Built-in input OVP, UVLO, and automatic recovery
Available in TSOT23-6-L, TSOT23-6-R, TSOT23-6-SL, and TSOT23-6-RSL packages
MPS’ H-bridge motor driver consists of four N-channel power MOSFETs and an internal charge pump to generate gate-drive voltages
The MP6550 from Monolithic Power Systems is an H-bridge motor driver consisting of four N-channel power MOSFETs and an internal charge pump to generate gate-drive voltages. The MP6550 is typically used to drive a DC brush motor. According to the logic control, the device operates on a motor power supply voltage from 1.8 V to 22 V, which can supply an output current of up to 2 A. The MP6550 has a PWM input interface, which is compatible with industry-standard devices. Very low standby circuit current can be achieved when the device is disabled. An internal current-sensing circuit provides an output with a voltage proportional to the load current. Cycle-by-cycle current regulation and limiting is also provided. These features do not require the use of a low-value shunt resistor. There are internal shutdown functions for overcurrent protection, short-circuit protection, under-voltage lockout, and overtemperature protection. The MP6550 requires a minimal number of readily available, standard external components and is available in a QFN-12 (2 mm x 2 mm) package.
Features
Wide 1.8 V to 22 V operating input range
2 A continuous driver current
MOSFET on-resistance (HS + LS) 240 mΩ
Cycle-by-cycle current regulation/limit
Built-in 3.3 V reference output
PWM input interface, compatible with industry-standard devices, up to 100 kHz
Simple UPDI programmer for tinyAVR, megaAVR and AVR-Dx microcontrollers with voltage selection switch (5V and 3.3V). The programmer works with pyupdi as well as with the Arduino IDE as “SerialUPDI with 4.7k resistor or diode”. It is based on the USB-to-serial chip CH340N.
SerialUPDI Programmer – Simple UPDI programmer for tinyAVR – [Link]
There are many reasons to invest in a home security system especially in today’s day and age – from providing total security of valuables to having the security of persons, and eventually to have that peace of mind that comes with knowing that everything is under your control whether you are home or not.
Reports have shown that 1 out of 3 homes without a security system will likely fall victim to a robbery incident compared to 1 in 250 homes with a security system. This is because most criminals fear either being caught by police or captured by surveillance cameras. So you really cannot underestimate the necessity that comes with having a security system in your home to protect your family and property.
While home security systems can vary depending on the design and targeted use, they all work on the same basic principle of securing entry points or interior spaces regardless of how big or small the house is. What matters really is the number of security components deployed and monitored by the control panel. Some of the places that you’d likely find security systems around the house include entry points like doors and windows, as well as interior spaces containing valuables like art, computers, TVs, coin collections, etc.
X-sense Smart Home Security Kit
The X-sense home security system is an 8-piece wireless alarm security kit designed by X-sense, a leading global provider of products and services related to home safety. It is a professionally monitored smart home security system with nearly everything you need for maximum protection.
X-Sense home security system offers 24/7 security monitoring and remote control of your house. The security system will also give you an instant notification in case it detects any intrusion or strange moves, so you can take some emergency measures if needed.
The box includes 2 motion sensors and 4 door/window sensors which is enough to cover most access points to your home, along with the base station and remote control.
Our first impression of the X-Sense Home Security kit, after opening the box and having a look at the contents inside, is a positive one. Unlike other kits, it includes a fair number of accessories that you’ll need to get your home secured.
The window and door sensors have a nice design to their shape with straight lines that fall with the curve. They feel like good quality plastic.
The base station has a clean, elegant look and has the aesthetics of an Apple product. There is an LED strip that runs around the top which will display different colors and will alert with a red light if an alarm has been triggered and different colors to tell you about any WI-FI problems if you should ever have any. There is a button on the front that can be used to silence the alarm if needed and a reset hole underneath if you ever need to reset it back to its default settings.
The remote control is very small and runs on a CR2032 battery which is replaceable. It has 4 buttons that will arm and disarm your home and away modes, more on that during the setup.
Features of the X-sense Security System
X-sense is fully equipped with just the right set of features for total home safety:
4x entry sensors (you are to mount them on your doors and windows so that if someone opens a door or window the alarm will sound and you will receive a mobile notification from the app. There are tapes and screws provided to help with fixing the sensors).
2x motion sensors that offer movement detection in desired areas (has a maximum of 12m detection range and 110° detection angle)
1x Remote Control
Batteries,
A base station with a built-in battery (the base station is compatible with 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi network)
Dimensions: 15.2″ x 6.6″ x 3.9″
The distance between the sub-device and the base station is as long as 1.25 miles/2000 meters, with a large coverage area, strong wall penetration capability, and more stable transmission. This home security system is extremely safe, using bank-level professional algorithm encryption, anti-counterfeiting, anti-tampering, anti-interference.
The system was designed in such a way that you can choose to monitor and control it with a remote or via an Android and iOS supported home security app developed by the company. You can customize and set up the system features just the way you like — the base station sound, the brightness level, alarm tones for each sensor, motion sensor sensitivity as well as the away/home modes.
The company also tried to utilize the most advanced monitoring and control technologies while building the system because I can see that X-sense is based on the latest spread spectrum technology that enables a communication range of up to 1.25 miles between the base station and other security devices. So it doesn’t matter how big or structured your home is, X-sense can give a total home coverage, be it a home with basements, or shed, or free-standing garages, or even remote outbuildings.
All these and many more, including the fact that X-sense is easy and fast to install, it’s just a matter of minutes. You don’t need to do any special wiring too as everything you need is ready in the box.
X-sense also has an 1800-mAh built-in backup battery that guarantees about 12 hours of power supply even during a power outage. This way, you can rest assured that your devices are always connected and your security system is available to provide reliable protection.
App Screen
What’s more?
The X-sense security system can also be customized in such a way that suits the user. It works well with Alexa, so when you link the system with your Alexa account, you can arm or disarm the system whenever you want by just speaking to it. Something like “Alexa, arm my home”, or “Alexa, disarm my home”.
What is missing from this alarm system is the numerical keypad that can be used to enter a PIN, but this may be replaced by the remote control you can always have on your keyring or by the Smartphone App.
Pricing and Availability
It is first important to note that buying the X-sense security system is a one-off purchase. You will not be burdened with constant reminders about monthly fees or subscriptions.
The X-sense home security system is available and sells on Amazon for $169 (model with 8 pieces) and $119 (for the model with 5 pieces). This is excluding shipping and import fees though.
The logic NAND function gives the inverted output of the logic AND function. It complements the output of the logic AND function to give the NOT AND (NAND) function. The logic NAND function is the combination of two logic functions that are AND & NOT logics. These AND & NOT logics form a series combination to produce the logic NAND function.
Figure 1: The NAND gate equivalent
The combination of these two logics is symbolized by placing an “Inversion Bubble” at the output of an AND gate. The logic NAND symbol is shown in the following figure along with its Boolean expression. The Boolean expression of the NAND gate is represented by a product of inputs with an overline (¯). The product of inputs expresses AND logic and, whereas, the overline (¯) represents the NOT logic.
Figure 2: The NAND gate symbol with expression
Similar to the logic AND function, the logic NAND function can be represented and explained by switches. From the previous article on Logic AND Function, it is known that AND function can be represented by switches that are placed in series with the output. However, in the logic NAND function, these series switches (inputs) are placed parallel to the output. The representation of a logic NAND function in the form of switches is shown in the following figure.
The logical states of “0” & “1” represent a switch with “Open” & “Closed” positions, respectively.
Figure 3: The lamp ON when both switches are open
In the above figure, the current flows through the lamp to turn it ON when both switches (A & B) (inputs) are open (both at logic 0).
Figure 4: Lamp ON when any switch is open
The closing of any of the switches does not change the state of the lamp and remains ON until both switches are closed.
Figure 5: Lamp OFF when both switches are closed
When both switches are closed (both at logic 1), the current flows through the switches bypassing the lamp and it turns OFF.
The only condition for the lamp to remain OFF is when all of the switches are closed or at a HIGH state. This is in reverse with the logic AND function which, contrarily, turns ON the lamp when all of the inputs are at a HIGH state.
The switches representation of a logic NAND function is expressed in the form of a truth table which is given below:
Construction of NAND logic
The logic NAND gate can be constructed using Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL), Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL), or Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS). These, basically, constitute the formation of logical families. The logic NAND gate with two inputs constructed using Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) is shown in the following figure.
Figure 6: The Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) NAND gate
The logic NAND function can be extended to include more than two inputs. In Boolean expression form, the additional input or variable is added to the product with an overline. In logic gates, the NAND gates are cascaded to add in more inputs as shown below.
Figure 7: The logic NAND gate with more than two inputs
Moreover, the logic NAND function with an odd number of inputs can also be achieved by using logic “HIGH” or “1” in Boolean expression form. Whereas, in the case of NAND gates, the other input (unused/ discarded) must be pulled high through a suitable resistor as shown in the following figure.
Figure 8: The logic NAND gate with an odd number of inputs
Universal Gate
The logic NAND gate is referred to as a Universal Gate as every other logic function can be constructed using it. They can construct all the functions which can be constructed using basic logic gates i.e. AND, OR, and NOT. The construction of basic logic functions using logic NAND gates is shown below.
Figure 9: Basic logic function using NAND gates
Boolean Algebra Laws
Similar to logic AND function, the logic NAND function follows all the Boolean algebra laws and theorems such as Annulment, Identity, Idempotent, Complement, Commutative and Associative Laws which are explained briefly in the Logic AND function.
Commercially Available Logic NAND Gates
The logic NAND gates are available in form of I.C. packages which contain multiple NAND gates with multiple inputs to each gate. The selection depends merely on the application and the number of logic gates are required. They come in both Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) family packages. A few commercially available logic NAND gates are given below:
74LS00 Quad 2-input
74LS10 Triple 3-input
74LS20 Dual 4-input
74LS30 Single 8-input
CD4011 Quad 2-input
CD4023 Triple 3-input
CD4012 Dual 4-inputs
Conclusion
The logic NAND function gives output FALSE only when all of its inputs are in a TRUE state.
Any of the inputs in the FALSE state will lead the NAND function to the TRUE output.
The logic NAND function can be represented by an electrical circuit having two series switches in parallel with the load. When any of the switches are closed (input at TRUE state) then supply passes to the load/ lamp to turn it ON.
The logic NAND gate is also known as Universal Gate because it can construct every other logic.
The logic NAND gates can be cascaded together to obtain logic NAND having more than two inputs.
The commercially available packages come in different I.C. packages. Each IC package contains multiple NAND gates.
This is an Arduino compatible board that contains an Atmega328 microcontroller and Bipolar Stepper Motor Driver chip STK682-010. This Hybrid IC from ON Semiconductor can deliver up to 2.5A current and it can have an input supply up to 32V DC. It has multiple micro-stepping options such as Full step, 1/2th Step, 1/4th Step, 1/8th Step, 1/16th Step, 1/32th Step, 1/64th Step, 1/128th Step. PR1 trimmer potentiometer is provided to set the decay, 3.5V Slow Decay, 1.1V to 3.1V Mixed Decay, 0.8V-1V Fast Decay, and PR2 Trimmer Potentiometer provided to set the output current. Chopping frequency set to 83.3 Khz using capacitor C5 100PF. Micro-Stepping can be set with the help of jumper J1, J2, J3. This board is by default enabled since the enable pin has a pull-up resistor, but you can provide a low signal to disable the motor driver chip. Atmega328D provides Direction pulse, Step pulse, Enable control, etc. The IC has built-in automatic half current functions to reduce the vibrations & current while the motor is in static mode. It is important to use a heatsink on the motor driver chip. Refer to the micro-stepping table to set the micro-stepping. Board requires a Motor power supply as well logic supply 5Vdc.
Arduino Programming
Arduino code is provided to test the board. The user will be able to control stepper motor speed using a 10K potentiometer connected to Analog pinA0 using connector U3. Users may write their own code to drive the motor as per requirements, micro-stepping is separate and independent from micro-controller. Only Pulse/Clock input, Direction, enable pins are connected to Arduino hardware.
A new Atmega328 requires bootloader programming and Arduino code, refer to the link below for more information:
This is a 3 Digit 7-segment display project that contains 3 x Common Cathode displays, current limiting resistors or each LED segment, 3 x PNP Transistor on each common cathode for multiplexing etc. The project works with 5V TTL signals but can be optimized for 3.3V operations by reducing the current limiting resistors’ value. A header connector is provided for easy interface to Arduino or other microcontrollers. All inputs are TTL 5V compatible.
Arduino code is provided to test the board. The user will be able to create a 0 to 5V DC Voltmeter using this code. Upload the code to Arduino Uno, apply 0 to 5V to Analog Pin A0 to Measure the voltage. Refer Arduino pin configuration vs display bellow:
New base models for the portable R&S FPL1000 take spectrum and signal analysis capabilities up to 26.5 GHz. They combine the functionality of benchtop instruments and the portability of a handheld instrument, with intuitive features to make high-performance measuring on the go fast and simple.
The R&S FPL1000 spectrum analyzer combines the functionality of benchtop instruments and the portability of a handheld instrument.
Rohde & Schwarz has extended its popular R&S FPL1000 family with the introduction of new base models offering measurement frequencies up to 26.5 GHz. For the series, two new models have been added to the range, providing capabilities from 5 kHz to 14 GHz and 5 kHz to 26.5 GHz.
The R&S FPL1000 is a single measuring instrument for general purpose applications and various types of measurements. It can analyse signals with a bandwidth of 40 MHz, and it is the only instrument in its class with battery operation that features an internal generator up to 7.5 GHz. It is the go-anywhere instrument for spectral measurements, for highly accurate power measurements with power sensors and for analysing analogue and digitally modulated signals. Even in its basic configuration, the R&S FPL1000 is quick and intuitive for measurements including: spectrum analysis with measurement functions such as channel power, ACLR, signal-to-noise ratio, spurious, harmonic distortions, third-order intercept point, AM modulation depth. Capabilities extend further to include statistical ADP and CCDF analysis and versatile marker functions.
Measurement applications are also available for analysing analogue and digitally modulated signals. The R&S FPL1-K7 option turns the R&S FPL1000 into an analogue modulation analyzer for amplitude, frequency and phase-modulated signals. The base unit’s I/Q analyzer supports the magnitude and phase presentation of I and Q within the analysis bandwidth. The I/Q data can be exported for further analysis with third-party software products. The R&S FPL1-K54 provides EMI measurements for diagnostics of RF interference. The R&S FPL1-K70 vector signal analysis option also characterises digitally modulated single-carrier signals. There are additional options for multi-modulation analysis and measurement of BER on PRBS data.
The R&S FPL1000 family delivers solid RF performance: typical phase noise is -108 dBc at 10 kHz offset (1GHz carrier), together with displayed average noise level (DANL) of -163 dBm using the optional pre-amplifier. Performance, affordability, and ease-of-use make the R&S FPL1000 the ideal instrument for use in the lab, monitoring satellite ground stations, and communication links, education, test houses, in production, and in service facilities.
The R&S FPL1000 spectrum analyzers with new frequency ranges are part of the R&S Essentials portfolio. All models are now available from Rohde & Schwarz and selected distribution partners.
login
