This 2 Digit 7 segment display project contains 2 x Common Cathode displays, current limiting resistors or each LED segment, 2 x PNP Transistor on each common cathode for multiplexing, etc. This is a very compact project that works with 5V TTL signals but can be optimized for 3.3V operations by reducing current limiting resistors’ value. Header connector provided for easy interface to Arduino or other microcontrollers. All inputs are compatible with TTL 5V signals.
The output of Logic OR Function is true when one or more of its inputs are in true logic states otherwise the output of Logic OR Function will be false.
Likewise, the output of Logic OR Function will be false ONLY when all of its inputs are in false logic states. The TRUE logic output follows that either one “OR” more inputs are TRUE for Logic OR Function. Similar to the AND logic, the OR logic follows the Boolean algebra and relevant theorems.
The Logic OR Function, in its original form, includes all of its input states for making logical decisions and as such termed “Inclusive OR”. The other variant which outputs “LOW” (excludes) when inputs have similar states is “Exclusive OR”. For example, when all inputs are at state “LOW” or “HIGH” (similar states of inputs) then the output of “Exclusive OR” will be “LOW”. In contrast, the “Inclusive OR” takes into account all input states for logical decision making i.e. when all inputs are at logic “HIGH” states then its output is “HIGH”.
In the following figure, a symbol along with the algebraic function of logic OR gate is shown.
Figure 1: The OR Symbol
In terms of Electrical Circuit, the logic OR functions are represented by switches connected in “Parallel”. In Boolean Algebra, the logic OR function is the sum of inputs (variables) and is denoted by a plus (+) between the inputs i.e. A+B represents an OR logic on inputs A & B. The occurrence of a state of operation of a switch is independent of the order in which they take place. It means that the logic OR function follows the Commutative Law i.e. A + B = B + A. According to Commutative Law, the output is independent of the position of a variable or input.
Presentation of OR Function using Switches
In the following figure, an electrical circuit comprising of two switches (A & B), a battery, and a lamp is shown. The electrical circuit shown is equivalent to logic OR function where switches A & B represents logic OR function’s inputs.
Figure 2: Both switches in open condition
The logical states of “0” & “1” represent a switch with “Open” & “Close” positions, respectively.
When both inputs are FALSE or “0” then both switches are open and the lamp remains at FALSE/ OFF state. However, when any of both inputs, irrespective of order or placement, is TRUE then the lamp turns to TRUE/ ON state as shown in the following figure.
Figure 3: One switch in the closed position
Likewise, when both of the inputs are TRUE or “1” then the lamp turns to TRUE or ON state as well. The parallel combination of switches truly depicts the logic OR function where any one of the switches (inputs) is required to be TRUE to give a TRUE output.
Figure 4: Both switches in the closed position
Logic OR Truth Table
The above case of parallel switches is represented in the following truth table.
Boolean Algebra Laws
A brief overview of Boolean Algebra Laws relevant to logic OR is given.
Annulment Law
The input AND’ed by ‘0’ or OR’ed by ‘1’ is stated as Annulment Law. It nullifies or diminishes the effect of the other input.
Figure 5: The Annulment Law
Identity Law
The input AND’ed by ‘1’ or OR’ed by ‘0’ is stated by Identity Law. It keeps the identity of the input.
Figure 6: The Identity Law
Idempotent Law
The same inputs AND’ed or OR’ed together are stated under Idempotent Law. The logical operation can be applied multiple times without changing the result.
Figure 7: The Idempotent Law
Complement Law
In Boolean Algebra, the complement is the opposite of a logical input such as ‘0’ is the complement of ‘1’ and vice versa. The input and its complement AND’ed or OR’ed together is described by Complement Law.
Figure 8: The Complement Law
Commutative Law
The commutative law states that changing the order of operands (variables or inputs) does not change the result. In Boolean Algebra, the inputs can be interchanged without changing the results under commutative law.
Figure 9: The Commutative Law
Associative Law
The associative law of multiplication states that the operands grouped differently in multiplication produce the same result. The inputs OR’ed together can be placed interchangeably to form different groups under the Associative Law.
Figure 10: The Associative Law
Commercially Available Logic OR Gates
The logic OR gates are available in form of I.C. packages which contain multiple OR gates with multiple inputs to each gate. The selection depends merely on the application and the number of logic are required. They come in both Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) family packages. A few commercially available logic OR gates are given below:
TTL 74LS32 2-input Quadruple OR Gates
CMOS 4071 2-input Quadruple OR Gates
CMOS 4075 3-input Triple OR Gates
CMOS 4072 4-input Dual OR Gates
Conclusion
The logic OR function gives output FALSE when all of its inputs are in a FALSE state.
Any of the inputs in the TRUE state will lead the OR function to the TRUE output.
The logic OR function can be represented by an electrical circuit having two switches in parallel. When any of the switches is closed (input at TRUE states) then supply passes to the load/ lamp.
The logic OR gates can be cascaded together to obtain logic OR having more than two inputs.
The commercially available packages come in different I.C. packages. Each IC package contains multiple OR gates with two or more inputs. The selection merely depends upon the application requirement.
If you have been using Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4, then this peripheral IO board will come in handy for many applications. With this new option for your peripheral connectivity to Raspberry Pi Computer Module 4, Waveshare’s Compact PCIe features four USB 3.2 Gen. 1 ports on the board.
There have been several IO boards for Raspberry Pi CM4 of which Jeff Geerling has posted a list of boards. This will help you choose the correct board for your application. Going back to the newly launched Waveshare’s Compact PCIe IO board, it comes with compatibility to USB 3.0/ 2.0/ 1.1. This becomes important because the design of Raspberry Pi Computer Module 4 has no USB 3.0 connectivity. However, with the exposed PCIe, the developers and makers can build their own IO boards and use them as they wish.
Features of the Waveshare Compact PCIe Board
USB Ports: 4 USB 3.2 Gen 1 ports
USB Compatibility: USB 3.0/ 2.0/ 1.1
Onboard chip: VL805 chip
Power supply: Powered by either PCIe 12V or from 12V DC header
Dimensions: 82 mm x 39 mm
The onboard VL805 chip is very famous as a super speed USB 3.0 host controller for many USB converter boards and IO hardware. If you are looking for fewer USB ports with ethernet onboard, then Seeed Studio’s dual gigabit ethernet NICs carrier board can serve the purpose. However, for more USB ports and an easy interface, the Waveshare Compact PCIe board can become a good option at just $17.99.
With the onboard chip, the software compatibility comes easy since the VL805 chip is not new to the Raspberry Pi world. Raspberry Pi 4 single-board computer features the VL805 that is set to power save with the new firmware released in 2019. The board is set to connect horizontally rather than vertically like all other IO boards.
If you are interested in finding more information on the product, head to the official product page where you can buy the low-priced Raspberry Pi CM4 IO board.
The 8-bit, 2 MHz 6502 microprocessor of MOS Technology, now CSG, had gained widespread use on classic computers of the late 1970s and early 1990s, like the Apple II plus, games consoles, and chess computers, though the games consoles and chess computers were mostly CMOS 65C02-based. The CMOS-enhanced 65C02 version of the microprocessor which is still available today under the ownership of Western Design Centre, Inc (WDC) now appears to be overtaken as there is now a new microprocessor that beats its clock cycle by a great magnitude of 86MHz (against 14 MHz clock cycle).
The newest project from Juergen is a 6502/65C02 CPU core in an FPGA designed to upgrade and run vintage computers and games at 100 MHz. The 65F02 is a Spartan-6 FPGA with a 64 KByte on-chip RAM fixed on a 40-pin dual inline PCB with the same pinout as 6502 and 65C02 CPU. The FPGA consists of a logic that can read the external 6502 bus with accurate timing depending on the clock that comes in from the host device. The PCB view of the 65F02’s topside shows the Spartan-6 FPGA, LED, configurable switches, and flash memory. The bottom side debuts voltage regulator, clock oscillator, decoupling capacitors, level converters for 5V input signals, and 40-pins interface. Its PCB can fit directly into a 40-pin DIP socket designed for 40-pin IC.
The 65F02 is designed to work as a standalone universal accelerator for 6505/65C02 once it replaces the original CPU and fits on the CPU socket. Once it is fixed, the FPGA board identifies the host’s memory map and takes over the entire RAM and ROM content, and copies it into the onboard RAM (except for the I/O area) upon power-on. The CPU keeps running with the internal memory at 100 Mhz for all bus accesses except for I/O addresses for which it pauses for an external bus cycle to commence depending on the external clock speed. According to the designer, prototypes of 65F02 have been successfully tested in an Apple II, Commodore 8032, and chess computers like Mephisto Milano with this method of integrating an accelerator into a host. He added that the board is yet a hobby project and there is no plan to go into commercial production at the moment.
According to him, limitations and incompatibilities associated with the board include the need for memory expansion board and back switching to be known to the 65F02 since its onboard 64 KByte is not sufficient for it to fully accelerate the extended memory where large memory is involved. Also, there is a problem of incompatible software or add-on hardware as a result of time-lapse created while the 65F02 tries to read access to time-critical external devices and switch back to the original slow speed temporarily.
Furthermore, vintage computing – 65F02 has all design files and documentation available. For the main circuit board and USB programming adapter designs, there are AutoCAD Eagle Format (version 7 . x) files to assist in reproduction. Also, there is an FPGA source file for Xilinx WebISE 14.7 if you need to modify the FPGA source file.
For more information, support and documentation, open-source components, visit Juergen@e-basteln.de
BCM Advanced just introduced a new industrial motherboard designed for fanless operation – the Intel Celeron J6412 thin Mini-ITX motherboard.
The motherboard, equipped with quite a number of interesting features, is powered by an Intel® Celeron J6412 Quad Core Elkhart Lake SoC up to 2.6GHz Burst Frequency, with Intel UHD graphics and 10W TDP. The motherboard is further equipped with up to 32 GB RAM via two SODIMM DDR4 memory slots, four LAN ports (two 2.5GbE and two Gigabit Ethernet RJ45 ports), three independent displays, up to five USB 3.0 Type-A ports and four USB 2.0, four COM ports, SATA and NVMe storage, a large but thin heatsink which makes it suitable for fanless operation, HDMI 4K video outputs, 12-24V DC input, and a good number of serial ports.
Specifications include:
Intel® Celeron J6412 Quad Core SoC, 1.2 GHz up to 2.6GHz Burst Frequency, Elkhart Lake Platform; 16 EU Intel UHD Graphics; 10W TDP
2x 260-pin SODIMM DDR4 memory slots for up to 32GB RAM
SATA III connector
M.2 key M socket for SATA or NVMe SSD
Optional onboard eMMC flash
128 Mbit SPI flash for AMI BIOS
2x HDMI ports up to 4096×2160 @ 30Hz
1x LVDS/eDP header
1x backlight header
3x independent display support
3.5mm Line-out/Mic-in jack
Realtek HD Audio support 7.1 channel sound playback
2x 1GbE RJ45 ports via Intel I211-AT (1GbE) Ethernet controllers
4x USB 3.0 Type-A ports
1x internal vertical USB 3.0 Type-A port
4x USB 2.0 interfaces via 2x internal USB headers
2x RS-232/422/485 headers
2x RS-232 headers
1x 2230 M.2 E key socket with PCIe x1 & USB 2.0 signals
1x 2280 & 2242 M.2 M Key socket with PCIe x2 & SATA III signals
8-bits GPIO header
1x I²C header
4-pin CPU fan
4-pin system fan header
1x onboard Buzzer
RTC with battery
Watchdog Timer
H/W Status Monitor for temperature and voltage with auto throttling control
Power Supply: 12 ~ 24V DC via power barrel jack or a Mini-Fit Jr 4-pin DC-In connector
Security: Infineon SLB 9670VQ2.0 TPM 2.0
Dimensions: 170 mm x 170 mm
Weight: 400 g
Temperature Range:
Operating: 0°C ~ 60°C
Storage: -10°C ~ 60°C
Operating Humidity: 5% ~ 85% Non-condensing
Certification: CE, FCC Class B
Operating System: Windows and Linux
The company did not give many details about the motherboard asides from the detailed list of its hardware features and their specifications shared above. Hopefully, with time, other useful information like the price of the motherboard will also be released. Software support is assumed to be Windows and Linux.
Tiny Machine Learning Development Board Now Available for Building Low-Power Voice, Audio and Sensor Applications using Edge Impulse’s Embedded ML Platform.
Smallest Form Factor in the Market Fits Tiniest Devices; Delivers 20x More Throughput at 200x Less Energy Per Inference.
Syntiant Corp, a provider of deep learning solutions making edge AI a reality for always-on applications in battery-powered devices, today unveiled its TinyML Development Board, an easy-to-use developer kit aimed at both technical and non-technical users for building machine learning-powered applications in smart products, such as speech commands, wake word detection, acoustic event detection and other sensor use cases.
Equipped with the ultra-low-power Syntiant® NDP101 Neural Decision Processor™, the TinyML board can enable speech and sensor applications to run at under 140 and 100 microwatts, respectively, delivering 20x more throughput and 200x efficiency improvement compared to traditional MCU-based systems. Sized at 24 mm x 28 mm, the Syntiant TinyML board is a small, self-contained system that allows trained models to be easily downloaded via Edge Impulse through a micro-USB connection without the need for any specialized hardware. The new board also is fully compatible with Arduino’s open-source platform.
“Syntiant’s TinyML board is another example of how we are advancing AI pervasiveness by moving machine learning from the cloud to the edge,” said Kurt Busch, CEO of Syntiant. “Our collaboration with Edge Impulse now enables anyone, from individual developers and hardware engineers to small companies to design, build and deploy highly accurate ML applications that respond to speech, sounds and motion with minimal power consumption. Whether it is for a wearable, industrial product or even to assist with people with disabilities, the possibilities are endless with our new TinyML board that provides a full solution for bringing the power of artificial intelligence to almost any device.”
Users can easily sample raw data, build, download and deploy trained embedded machine learning models by using the Edge Impulse studio to create low-power, high-performance speech, audio and sensor interfaces.
“In Edge Impulse’s pursuit to democratize embedded machine learning for all developers, we are thrilled to partner with Syntiant, which has become a trailblazer in the ultra-low-power edge AI space,” said Zach Shelby, co-founder and CEO of Edge Impulse. “Our front-end support for the Syntiant TinyML Development Board provides customers with all the software tools necessary for building and deploying limitless ML applications that will unlock the next generation of always-on devices.
The TinyML platform’s onboard digital microphone and motion sensor enable easy configuration for any speech, event detection or 6 axis motion- and vibration-related application. Shipping with a built-in “Alexa play music” model, key product features include:
Syntiant NDP101 Neural Decision Processor™
Syntiant Core 1™ neural network
Supports up to 560k parameters and 64 output classifications
Host processor: Cortex-M0+ 32bit low power ARM MCU, including:
256KB flash memory
32KB host processor SRAM
5 Digital I/Os compatible with Arduino MKR series boards
2MB on-board serial flash
48MHz system clock
6 axis motion sensor
Digital microphone
An interactive workshop, “Accelerating your Edge Applications with Syntiant’s TinyML Board,” will be held Thursday, September 30 at noon PDT during Edge Impulse’s Imagine conference.
The global condition-based monitoring (CbM) market has experienced significant growth over the past few years, and this looks set to continue. This growth coincides with the rapid advancement of MEMS accelerometers for use in vibration sensing applications, now rivaling the once-dominant piezoelectric or PZT accelerometer. There is an increased demand for CbM on less critical assets as well as a growing adoption rate of wireless CbM systems, and MEMS accelerometers are the key to this. This article will compare MEMS accelerometers to piezoelectric accelerometers to highlight just how far MEMS sensors have come in their short lifetime. Key design considerations for MEMS accelerometers in CbM applications will also be discussed with a comparison of five MEMS sensors from three different vendors.
CUI Devices’ Audio Group today announced the introduction of a 3.2 mm x 3.2 mm magnetic transducer buzzer, making it among the smallest micro buzzers in the industry. As the latest addition to CUI Devices’ micro buzzers line, the CMT-322-65-SMT-TR features a low profile of 2 mm, surface mount packaging, and a sound pressure level (SPL) of 65 dBA at 10 cm.
Ideal for portable equipment applications and space-constrained designs, this magnetic audio transducer carries a rated voltage of 3 Vo-p, low current consumption of 120 mA, and a rated frequency of 4 kHz. The CMT-322-65-SMT-TR also offers an operating temperature range from -20 to 70°C and reflow solder compatibility.
The CMT-322-65-SMT-TR is available immediately with prices starting at $1.65 per unit at 500 pieces through distribution. Please contact CUI Devices for OEM pricing.
For helpful resources and tools on buzzers, check out our Resource Library that houses a range of blog posts, videos, and more.
e-con Systems Inc., a leading embedded camera solutions provider launches an IP66 rated and Ready-to-Deploy smart camera, SmarteCAM with AI processing capabilities. SmarteCAM comes with a camera based on the SONY STARVIS IMX290 image sensor with an Image Signal Processor (ISP) that supports High Dynamic Range (HDR) and an NVIDIA® TX2 module as the host.
The host – NVIDIA® TX2 processor – can run multiple algorithms required for any AI based application or use case. SmarteCAM can be connected to the internet or host PC using gigabit ethernet LAN. Also, there is no need for any additional driver installation. With all the necessary firmware built-in along with sample application, SmarteCAM will help companies significantly reduce their time to market.
This camera is suitable for applications such as crowd monitoring & analysis, smart farming, sports broadcasting, Intelligent Video Analytics (IVA), smart traffic, smart cities etc.
Key Features
Ultra-low Light Performance – Captures exceptional images even in extremely low light.
High Dynamic Range (HDR) – Helps to capture quality images even in outdoor lighting conditions when the target scene has both dark and bright regions.
IP66 (water and dust proof) – makes this camera suitable for use in harsh outdoor environments.
Powerful AI processing capabilities with on-board TX2 CPU and 256 core GPU – delivers output without the connectivity or power of the cloud.
PoE (IEEE 802.3at) offers the ability for power as well as data transmission over a single Gigabit ethernet interface.
Streams 1080P@60fps in MJPEG and H264 formats. Also supports uncompressed UYVY streaming.
An optional 4G LTE support allows data transfer over 4G network.
SmarteCAM comes with a standard M12 lens holder and 4 different lens options with diagonal Field of View (FOV) ranging from 112° (D) to 22.30° (D) for various indoor and outdoor applications. The camera also includes an on-board storage of 32GB eMMC 5.1 with expandable microSD card support. Other peripherals include HDMI type A connector, a USB 2.0 host port, and custom header connector for software updates.
SmarteCAM is packaged with BSP Version L4T 32.2.1 (JetPack 4.2) and e-CAM22_USB firmware version 1.1.3.11 (For default 3.6mm lens). To run new age edge-AI powered applications, SmarteCAM comes with a software package that includes CUDA 10.0, OpenCV 3.3.1, Python 3.6 and 2.7, Tensorflow 1.14.0, Tensorrt 5.1.6, libcudnn 7.5.0.56 and libnvinfer 5.1.6.
Video
Availability
Customers interested in evaluating SmarteCAM can purchase the product from e-con Systems’ online store.
Customization Services
e-con systems also offers extensive integration support to connect SmarteCAM with three of its other cameras based on Sony STARVIS® IMX415, ON Semiconductor® AR0234 or ON Semiconductor® AR0821. We also provide engineering services to develop machine learning and deep learning algorithms for applications such as facial/object recognition, people counting, vehicle monitoring etc.
We have good news for you. SmarteCAM, a readily deployable smart AI camera is just $1500 now. SmarteCAM is an IP66 rated smart camera with AI processing capabilities. It comes with a camera based on the Sony STARVIS IMX290 image sensor with an Image Signal Processor (ISP) that supports High Dynamic Range (HDR) and an NVIDIA® TX2 module as the host.
We at e-con are starting off the year with a high by offering a huge discount on SmarteCAM! Only limited stocks are available. So, grab the opportunity to purchase the product now at USD 1500 by visiting the SmarteCAM product page.
SmarteCAM has also been recently validated by the AWS Device Qualification Program (DQP) under the AWS IoT Greengrass category. It has been listed in the AWS Partner device catalog – thanks to its data analytics capabilities that leverage the AWS IoT Greengrass SDK. Read the press release on this here.
Axiomtek – a world-renowned leader relentlessly devoted in the research, development and manufacture of series of innovative and reliable industrial computer products of high efficiency – is proud to announce the KIWI310, a high-performance credit card-sized embedded board powered by the Intel® Celeron® processor N3350 with the Intel® integrated Gen9 graphic engine. This extremely compact fanless SBC supports Linux, Android and Windows operating systems, which is ready for versatile AIoT applications in robotics, industrial automation, retail, video surveillance, smart city, and more.
“With rich I/O connectivity and great expansions, the highly integrated KIWI310 was designed to shorten the time to market and reduce development costs. The advanced KIWI310 has one M.2 Key E 2230 slot for integrating the Intel® Movidius™ Myriad X VPU. Thru the M.2 Key E slot, it also supports 5G module to catch up with the trend of 5G business opportunities,”
said Kevin Lin, a product manager of the Product Planning Division at Axiomtek.
“Ensuring the overall stability and continuity, the KIWI310 can boot up via USB type C or PoE (with a PoE HAT) as well as the standalone SBC. To comprehensively elevate the IoT capabilities of this embedded board, the KIWI310 supports different types of peripherals, such as PoE modules, temperature sensors, RFID kits, G-sensor, light sensors, LED units, and more. This powerful 1.8” embedded SBC is optimized for various AI and industrial IoT-related applications in the embedded markets.”
Axiomtek’s KIWI310 has onboard LDDR4 for up to 4GB of system memory and eMMC storage for up to 64GB. It can operate in a wide temperature range from 0°C to 60°C. To meet customer varied needs, the compact embedded board is equipped with one Gigabit Ethernet port with REALTEK RTL8111 which supports Wake-on-LAN, PXE Boot ROM. Moreover, it has two USB 2.0 ports, two USB 3.2 Gen1 ports and one micro HDMI. A 40-pin header with GPIO signal is available to provide I2C, UART, and GPIO signals. To ensure reliable and stable operation, this 1.8-inch embedded SBC has hardware monitoring function to monitor CPU/system temperature and voltage.
Advanced Features:
Tiny 1.8-inch embedded board
Intel® Celeron® processor N3350 onboard
On-board LPDDR4 for up to 4GB of memory
One GbE LAN and one M.2 Key E
On-board eMMC for up to 64GB
40-pin GPIO
Supports operating system: Linux, Android, Windows
The KIWI310 is now available for purchase. For more product information or pricing, please visit our global website at www.axiomtek.com or contact one of our sales representatives at info@axiomtek.com.tw.
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