M5Stack has introduced a cost-effective, Espressif ESP32-powered WiFi camera that is ideal for all types of wireless camera applications scenarios. The new device named, Unit CAM M5 is based on the ESP32-WROOM-32E control core and an OV2640 image sensor with a resolution of up to 2 Megapixels. Generally, the ESP32-WROOM-32E module is designed for a wide range of applications, from low-power sensor networks to high-demand operations like voice encoding, music streaming, and MP3 decoding. It features a 4 MB external SPI flash memory.
Measuring just 45x20x12mm, the Unit Cam M5 hardware is designed in a very simple way, with no additional peripherals. The picture transfer rate is set to 12 frames per second by default, but it may be increased to 60 frames per second for CIF resolution. Additionally, the users can directly acquire image data through UART or WiFi and interact with the camera. Thanks to the factory software, which incorporates image transmission firmware, provides image data acquisition, image parameter adjustment, and other interfaces.
Talking about the software support. The WiFi camera supports UIFlow graphical programming calls and provides an out-of-the-box user experience. The UIFlow programming platform was created specifically for M5Stack hardware. It supports blockly, a visual programming system based on blocks, as well as micro python programming languages. It allows beginners to quickly grasp core programming concepts and create professional programs easily.
You can check out the GitHub repository for exploring the sample code for Camera UART to Core utilizing the Arduino. The Unit CAM M5 Wi-Fi camera is temporarily out of stock. However, it will be available on Pimoroni for £6.90 very shortly. You may sign up to be notified when the hardware becomes available on the product page.
For more information visit the official M5Stack’s documentation page. Images and technical specifications have also been taken from the product page.
MEMS Microphones is setting a new performance benchmark across a growing number of industries. These innovative silicon microphones were designed to extend the benefits of the lowest possible self-noise (high SNR) and lowest distortion to an ever-expanding number of applications. The project presented here is a low noise analog MEMS microphone Preamplifier with compression and noise gating. The project provides a studio-quality audio experience. The project is built using SSM2167 chip and InvenSense ICS-40180 Low-Noise Microphone with bottom port and analog output.
This is a complete microphone signal conditioning project. Designed primarily for voice-band applications, this project provides amplification, limiting, variable compression, and noise gate. User-adjustable compression ratio, noise gate threshold, and two different fixed gains optimize circuit operation for a variety of applications.
This is a complete and flexible solution for conditioning MEMS microphones for personal electronics and computer audio systems. It is also excellent for improving vocal clarity in communications and the public address systems. A low noise voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA) provides a gain that is dynamically adjusted by a control loop to maintain a set compressions characteristic. The compression ratio is set by a jumper and can be varied from 1:1 to over 10:1 relative to the fixed rotation point. Signals above the rotation point are limited to prevent overload and eliminate popping.
A downward expander (noise gate) prevents the amplification of background noise or hum. This results in an optimized signal level prior to digitization, thereby eliminating the need for additional gain or attenuation in the digital domain. The flexibility of setting the compression ratio and the time constant of the level detector, coupled with two values of rotation point, make the SSM2167 easy to integrate into a wide variety of microphone conditioning applications.
Features
Operating Supply 3.3V DC
On-Board MEMS Microphone
Noise Gate Adjustable Using Resistor R2
Various Compression Ratio Adjustable Using Resistor R4
On-Board Power LED
Extended Frequency Response from 60 Hz to 20 kHz
Peak to Peak Output Maximum 2V
PCB Dimensions 32.23 x 12.86 mm
Compression Ratio
This project provides four different settings for the compression ratio in the same manner as the noise gate threshold. Experiment with different compression ratios to determine what sounds best in a given system, starting with 2:1 is recommended. A high compression ratio exaggerates the effect of the noise gate because the compression ratio determines the gain at the noise gate. Compression of 10:1 only in systems where the noise floor is well below the noise gate. Most systems require between 2:1 and 5:1 compression for best results. The compression ratio keeps the output steady over a range of source to microphone distances.
Note: PCB has provision for mounting 2 types of microphones ICS40180 or ICS40310
Setting The Compression Ratio, Resistor R2
R2 175K = 10:1
R2 75K= 5:1
R2 35K = 3:1
R2 15K = 2:1
R2 0 Ohms = 1:1
Setting The Noise Gate Threshold, Resistor R4
R4 5K = (dBV) -55
R4 2K = (dBV) -54
R4 1K = (dBV) -48
R4 0 Ohms = (dBV) -40
MEMS Microphone
The ICS-40180 is an analog MEMS microphone with high SNR and enhanced RF immunity. The ICS-40180 includes a MEMS microphone element, an impedance converter, and an output amplifier. Other high-performance specification includes a linear response up to 124 dB SPL, tight ±1 dB sensitivity tolerance, and enhanced immunity to both radiated and conducted RF interference.
MEMS Microphone Features
High 65 dBA SNR
−38 dBV Sensitivity
±1 dB Sensitivity Tolerance
Non-Inverted Signal Output
Extended Frequency Response from 60 Hz to 20 kHz
Enhanced RF Immunity
124 dB SPL Acoustic Overload Point
Low Current Consumption: 190 µA
Single-Ended Analog Output
High −78 dBV PSR
3.5 × 2.65 × 0.98 mm Surface-Mount Package
MEMS Microphones, the Future for Hearing Aids
Driven by aging populations and a pronounced increase in hearing loss, the market for hearing aids continues to grow, but their conspicuous size and short battery life turn many people off. As hearing loss becomes ever more common, people will look for smaller, more efficient, higher-quality hearing aids. At the start of the hearing aid signal chain, microphones sense voices and other ambient sounds, so improved audio capture can lead to higher performance and lower power consumption throughout the signal chain.
Microphones are transducers that convert acoustical signals into electrical signals that can be processed by the hearing aid’s audio signal chain. Many different types of technologies are used for this acoustic-to-electrical transduction, but condenser microphones have emerged as the smallest and most accurate. The diaphragm in condenser microphones moves in response to an acoustic signal. This motion causes a change in capacitance, which is then used to produce an electrical signal.
Electret condenser microphone (ECM) technology is the most widely used in hearing aids. ECMs implement a variable capacitor with one plate built from a material with a permanent electrical charge. ECMs are well established in today’s hearing industry, but the technology behind these devices has remained relatively unchanged since the 1960s. Their performance, repeatability, and stability over temperature and other environmental conditions are not very good. Hearing aids, and other applications that value high performance and consistency, present an opportunity for a new microphone technology that improves on these shortcomings, allowing manufacturers to produce higher quality, more reliable devices.
The digital logic gates are the main building blocks of any digital circuit either it is in the discrete component form or an integrated package. The logic gates can be constructed using resistors, diodes, and transistors such Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL), Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL), and Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL). Amongst these, the Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) offers less propagation delay and low power dissipation. The Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) uses low-power MOSFET transistor logic enabling faster operation and high-power efficiency.
As discussed in previous articles, the three basic logic gates are “AND“,” OR“, and “NOT“. They perform basic multiplication (AND), addition (OR), and complement (NOT) functions. The “NOT” gate at the output of “OR” and “AND” gates form the logic “NOR” and “NAND”, respectively. They output the complement of the original function performed by “OR” and “AND” gates. Moreover, “NOR” and “NAND” gates are classified as “Universal Gates” because basic logics i.e. “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT” can be built using either NOR or NAND gates only. The logic gates, discussed above, can be used to make a combinational logic circuit, and cascading them can also lead to having more than one input.
Further to the above logic gates, the exclusive-OR (XOR) and exclusive-NOR (XNOR) logics perform arithmetic operations and calculations such as in Adders. They are complex in construction compared to the basic logic gates. Finally, the simple Buffers and Tri-state Buffers do not perform any logic yet they are an essential part of any digital circuit. They are used in the amplification of signals besides isolation of the input and output circuits. Whereas, the Tri-state Buffers give control over isolation which makes them suitable in digital circuits for interfacing of buses with the devices/ logic gates.
A brief summary of the aforementioned logic gates is presented below:
The Logic AND Gate
The logic “AND” gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 1: Symbol of AND gate
The logic “AND” gate is available in the following commonly used commercial packages:
CMOS based AND Gate IC Package
CD4081 Quad 2-input
CD4073 Triple 3-input
CD4082 Dual 4-inputs
TTL based AND Gate IC Package
74LS08 Quad 2-input
74LS11 Triple 3-input
74LS21 Dual 4-input
The Logic OR Gate
The logic “OR” gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 2: Symbol of OR gate
The logic “OR” gate is available in the following commonly used commercial packages:
CMOS based OR Gate IC Package
CD4071 Quad 2-input
CD4075 Triple 3-input
CD4072 Dual 4-inputs
TTL based OR Gate IC Package
74LS32 Quad 2-input
The Logic NAND Gate
The logic “NAND” gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 3: Symbol of NAND gate
The logic “NAND” gate is available in the following commonly used commercial packages:
CMOS based NAND Gate IC Package
CD4011 Quad 2-input
CD4023 Triple 3-input
CD4012 Dual 4-inputs
TTL based NAND Gate IC Package
74LS00 Quad 2-input
74LS10 Triple 3-input
74LS20 Dual 4-input
74LS30 Single 8-input
The Logic NOR Gate
The logic “NOR” gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 4: Symbol of NOR gate
The logic “NOR” gate is available in the following commonly used commercial packages:
CMOS based NOR Gate IC Package
CD4001 Quad 2-input
CD4025 Triple 3-input
CD4002 Dual 4-inputs
TTL based NOR Gate IC Package
74LS02 Quad 2-input
74LS27 Triple 3-input
74LS260 Dual 4-input
The Logic Exclusive OR (XOR) Gate
The logic “XOR” gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 5: Symbol of XOR gate
The logic “XOR” gate is available in the following commonly used commercial packages:
CMOS based XOR Gate IC Package
CD4030B Quad 2-input
TTL based XOR Gate IC Package
74LS86 Quad 2-input
The Logic Exclusive NOR (XNOR) Gate
The logic “XNOR” gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 6: Symbol of XOR gate
The logic “XNOR” gate is available in the following commonly used commercial packages:
CMOS based XNOR Gate IC Package
CD4077 Quad 2-input
TTL based XNOR Gate IC Package
74LS266 Quad 2-input
The Logic NOT Gate
The logic “NOT” gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 7: Symbol of NOT gate
The logic “NOT” gate is available in the following commonly used commercial packages:
CMOS based NOT Gate IC Package
CD4009 Hex Inverter
CD4069 Hex Inverter
TTL based NOT Gate IC Package
74LS04 Hex inverter
74LS1004 Hex Inverter
The Buffer
The Buffer gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 8: Symbol of Buffer
The Tri-state Buffer
The Tri-state Buffer gate symbol and truth table is shown below:
Figure 9: Symbol of Tri-state Buffer
The Digital and Tri-state Buffers are available in the following commonly used commercial packages:
CMOS based Buffer Gate IC Package
CMOS based Buffers
CD4050 Hex Non-inverting Buffer
CD4503 Hex Tri-state Buffer
TTL based Buffer Gate IC Package
74LS07 Hex Non-inverting Buffer
74LS244 Octal Buffer
Pull-up and Pull-down Resistors
In using logic gates, it is essential to “Pull-up” or “Pull-down” any unused logic gate input depending on the type of logic gate function. It is required, particularly, in the logic gates having more than two inputs. Any floating input can lead to a false logic decision. Therefore, unused inputs of the logic gate require a pull-up or pull-down resistor. A suitable resistor such as 1kΩ or 10kΩ shall be used to connect to logic “HIGH” in case of pull-up and to logic “LOW” in case of the pull-down. The following figure illustrates the most common methods to connect unused inputs of logic gates.
Figure 10: Examples of using Pull-Up and Pull-Down resistors
Digital Logic Gate Truth Table Summary
The truth table summary of the two input logic gates is shown below:
The truth table summary of the single input logic gates is shown below:
LTspice is powerful electronic circuit simulator software and it is free. Probably because it is free, not too much effort has been put into its user interface. Even though it is perfectly capable of what it is designed for, it does not look pretty and lacks user-friendliness. But with a bit of effort, it can be a valuable tool. This video will help you to get started with LTspice. As an example circuit, we use a small 1.5 V AA battery-powered circuit that blinks an LED for two years, published in the summer 2020 edition of Elektor Magazine, on page 65: https://www.elektormagazine.com/magazine/elektor-151
Qwiic Tsunami Super WAV Trigger is a powerful polyphonic embedded audio player designed by SparkFun in collaboration with James Robertson’s robertsonics. The super powerful audio board is capable of producing high-quality audio.
The audio board is “polyphonic,” in contrast to most other embedded audio players. This implies it can simultaneously play multiple tracks. This is done by maintaining multiple file pointers and digitally mixing the tracks to Tsunami outputs. Tracks can start at any time in polyphonic mode, regardless of what other tracks are playing, including copies of the same track. The only restriction is the number of “voices”, the number of different tracks that can be played at any given time. It currently has 18 low-latency stereo voices and 32 low-latency mono voices available.
Features of Qwiic Tsunami Super WAV Trigger
Tsunami Super WAV Trigger is built around Atmel’s high-performance ATSAMS70ARM Cortex-M7 processor. It can play 44.1kHz, 16-bit mono, or stereo.wav files (tracks) from a microSD card. Additionally, it can play up to 18 stereo or 32 mono tracks independently and simultaneously, depending on whether it is in mono or stereo mode. It also mixes them to either four stereo or eight mono line-level audio outputs.
Each track has its own volume control and can start, pause, resume, loop, and stop independently. This allows you to create the perfect interactive blend of music, dialogue, and sound effects. In addition, the board also allows for true seamless looping over any track length. The Qwiic system allows for solderless connectivity to the rest of your system. However, if you like to have complete access to each pin, the manufacturer has broken out 0.1″-spaced pins. With either 16 programmable trigger inputs, a serial control port, or a dedicated MIDI port, up to 4096 tracks can be indexed and started with low latency (typically 8ms).
What makes it even more remarkable is that the Tsunami features eight audio output channels. Thus, it can be configured as either eight mono or four stereo pairs. You can choose between mono and stereo architecture in different firmware versions. Also, the mono version has a new “Synced Set” trigger feature that can initiate up to eight mono tracks on adjacent outputs.
With a single trigger, these tracks will start and stay in sample sync for playing stereo or even 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound content. Hence, any track routes to any output in a dynamic manner. Furthermore, each output offers independent real-time volume and sample-rate conversion.
Tsunami is also compatible with other microcontrollers, such as Arduino. A serial control port, combined with a robust serial control protocol, allows you to access all 4096 tracks and use Tsunami’s internal faders for real-time mixing, crossfading, and pitch bending. All of Tsunami’s functionality can be accessed from within your Arduino sketch using an Arduino Serial Control Library.
Product Showcase of Qwiic Tsunami Super WAV Trigger
Discussing further, the board features a dedicated MIDI port with an integrated optoisolator. This port makes it easy to connect to your MIDI keyboard or any MIDi controller. It supports MIDI note-on, note-off, pitch bend, and program changes messages, and controller messages for controlling sustain, attack, and release times, and volume in real-time. Even if you run out of voices, a voice-stealing algorithm ensures that new notes are played. Talking about the software support, the board can be programmed using the Arduino IDE or Python, and it can also be controlled through serial.
The Qwiic Tsunami Super WAV Trigger board is available on SparkFun at $79.95. For more information visit the official product page. Images and technical specifications have also been taken from the product page.
Broadcom Inc. today announced the world’s lowest power L1/L5 GNSS receiver chip, the BCM4778, optimized for mobile and wearable applications. Equipped with the latest GNSS innovations, this third-generation chip is 35% smaller and consumes 5 times less power than the previous generation.
Dual-frequency GNSS continues to be an important location feature for modern mobile and wearable devices as it provides greater positioning accuracy for location-based services (LBS) applications. The advanced L5 signal enables sidewalk-level accuracy for pedestrian navigation in urban environments, as well as lane-level accuracy for vehicle navigation.
Reduction in GNSS power consumption is crucial to extending the battery life of a mobile or wearable device. Compared to GNSS receivers used in integrated platforms, Broadcom’s single-chip BCM4778 delivers significantly lower power consumption and higher performance while offering more advanced GNSS features, such as the next-generation Grid Tracking™ urban multipath mitigation technology. Further, the BCM4778 increases the GNSS always-on battery life on a smartwatch by 30 hours when compared to the previous generation chip operating on a 300mAh battery. The extended battery life benefit helps drive new experiences in smartwatches and phones. For example, smartwatches can keep the GNSS always-on for fitness applications for multiple days on a single battery charge.
In addition, the BCM4778 features fully integrated LNAs for L1 and L5 bands, which reduces RF front-end BOM costs and footprint requirements, ideal for space-constrained applications. The chip offers immense flexibility to smart watch and phone designers with its small size. Having the ability to place the BCM4778 closer to the antenna helps improve signal reception and thereby enhances the overall GNSS performance.
Product Highlights
7nm CMOS technology
Typical power consumption
4mW L1 band only
6mW L1+L5 simultaneous
FCBGA package
New Grid Tracking™ technology
Advanced multipath mitigation
Continuously tracks the full L5 channel
Capable of L5 acquisition
Increased processing capability and throughput
Advanced LTE filtering and jamming mitigation
Enhanced LTE Band 13 and Band 14 filtering
Spoofing and jamming detector
Jamming mitigation through multiband and multi constellation
Reduced BOM cost and footprint
Flexibility in using internal LNAs
Optional operation without interstage SAW filters
Integrated switching regulator with direct connect to battery
“With the launch of this third generation dual-frequency GNSS receiver chip, Broadcom continues the tradition of raising the bar for mobile GNSS,”
said Vijay Nagarajan, vice president of marketing for the Wireless Communications and Connectivity Division at Broadcom.
“Always-on dual frequency GNSS is a key request from mobile and wearable OEMs, and we are thrilled to deliver it.”
“We are excited to see this impressive power reduction, combined with the L5 Grid Tracking technology in the new Broadcom GNSS chip. This will increase the impact of Google’s 3DMA ray-tracing for urban multipath mitigation,”
said Frank van Diggelen, the principal software engineer at Google.
“Consumer electronic companies have been faced with the challenge of managing power consumption versus performance, often having to choose one over the other. Broadcom’s innovative approach to the BCM4778 allows their customers to realize improvements on both fronts,”
said Ramon T. Llamas, research director for mobile devices at IDC.
“The result: device manufacturers can enable new experiences and run applications over a sustained period of time. In addition, by reducing its BOM cost and its physical footprint, Broadcom is enabling further benefits from cost savings and design configurability.”
Availability
Broadcom is currently sampling the BCM4778 to its early access partners and customers. Please contact your local Broadcom sales representative for samples and pricing.
Targeting Internet of Things Sensing Networks, NevadaNano will show the Mini Flammable in booth #733 at Sensors Converge this week, September 21 through 23.
NevadaNano, the world’s leading gas detection sensor technology innovator, today announced the “MPS™ Mini” a miniaturized version of the highly popular Molecular Property Spectrometer™ (MPS™) Flammable Gas Sensor. The new sensor is the world’s most accurate hydrocarbon sensor in its class and eliminates the need for maintenance during its 10+year lifetime. The sensor will debut this week at Sensors Converge in Booth #733.
“We have extended our market-leading reliability, accuracy, and lifetime with enhanced algorithms which extends our market-leading position of detecting 19 of the most common combustible gases found in residential, commercial, and other general use environments,”
said Ralph Whitten, President, and Member of the Board of Directors, at NevadaNano.
“This new product in a lower cost package specifically targets IoT and high volume applications. This enables our customers to set new standards in connected gas sensors and helps companies create safer working environments in industrial, commercial and consumer applications.”
The newest addition to NevadaNano’s MPS product family, the MPS Mini Flammable gas sensor measures the thermodynamic properties of the air-gas mix and accurately reports 0-100% LEL across 19 flammable gases without the need for field calibration. This performance meets the need for flexible sensor platforms in a wide range of non-industrial applications and makes it ideal for residential and commercial applications like smart meters and IoT devices. In essence, the Mini Flammable creates safer environments for people and their surrounding communities.
Integrated, real-time measurements and built-in compensation for temperature, pressure, and humidity enhance the accuracy of all NevadaNano’s MPS flammable gas sensors. Gas concentration readings are accurate across the entire environmental range, including rapid environmental transients, delivering best-in-class accuracy. The Mini Flammable, like all MPS sensors, is inherently immune to drift, decay, or poison.
A fully integrated charger solution combines USB PD, PPS, PowiGaN and FluxLink to maximize efficiency and slash component count in adapters and chargers
Power Integrations, the leader in high-voltage integrated circuits for energy-efficient power conversion, today announced the InnoSwitch™3-PD family of ICs, the industry’s most highly integrated solution for USB Type-C, USB Power Delivery (PD), and USB Programmable Power Supply (PPS) adapters. This compact InSOP™-24D-packaged IC includes a USB-C and PD controller, a high-voltage PowiGaN™ switch, a multi-mode quasi-resonant flyback controller, secondary-side sensing, FluxLink™ isolated digital feedback and a synchronous-rectification driver.
Aditya Kulkarni, senior product marketing engineer at Power Integrations said:
“InnoSwitch3-PD ICs target designers seeking the ultimate in charger power density. This requires the highest level of integration and maximum efficiency to limit self-heating. Our latest addition to the InnoSwitch3 family dramatically simplifies the development and manufacturing of compact, energy-efficient USB PD power supplies for smartphones, tablets, notebooks, and other devices that benefit from fast charging. InnoSwitch3-PD ICs reduce the BOM count to half that of conventional designs, reducing design time and simplifying high-volume manufacture for slim, ultra-compact OEM and aftermarket chargers.”
Featuring no-load power consumption as low as 14 mW, power supply designs using InnoSwitch3-PD ICs meet all global energy-efficiency regulations. The high efficiency of these devices ensures low heat dissipation, eliminating the need for bulky heatsinks. Power Integrations’ FluxLink high-speed communications feedback link ensures fast, accurate secondary-side regulation. InnoSwitch3-PD ICs are also fully protected, with input voltage monitoring, accurate brown-in/brown-out and overvoltage protection, and output over- and under-voltage fault detection with independently configurable fault responses.
Availability & Resources
A new design report, RDR-838, describes a 60 W USB PD 3.0 Power Supply with 3.3 V – 21 V PPS output using the InnoSwitch3-PD PowiGaN-powered INN3879C-H801. The new InnoSwitch3-PD ICs are priced from $1.30 per unit in 10,000-unit quantities. For further information, contact a Power Integrations sales representative or one of the company’s authorized worldwide distributors: Digi-Key, Farnell, Mouser and RS Components.
Gateworks is proud to announce the GW16146802.11ah HaLow Mini-PCIe radio for the industrial internet of things (IoT) applications. It uses the Silex SX-NEWAH module, which is based on the Newracom NRC7292 System-on-Chip. The GW16146 brings all the advantages of 802.11ah to the Gateworks rugged and industrial single board computers.
802.11ah, often called Wi-Fi HaLow, is a new standard that uses Sub-1GHz frequencies to provide a longer range at lower power consumption. It can support 1000’s of clients with WPA-3 security. By utilizing a standard TCP/IP framework, no special code or SDKs are required. With everything being open source and unlicensed, no costly consortium memberships are required.
802.11ah HaLow Mini-PCIe Radio Highlights:
Long Range
Unlicensed frequency band – Sub 1-GHz
Standard TCP/IP Framework – No special software is needed
This project provides AC voltage zero-cross timing detection and a DC voltage after diode rectification with high accuracy. Possible applications for such circuits are AC motor controllers, AC lamp controllers, AC Dimmer Controllers, Home Appliances. The circuit outputs a zero-cross signal from 90 Vac to 264 Vac input. The project is based on BM1Z102FJ chip which outputs a high precision zero-cross timing of targeted AC voltage and a DC voltage after diode rectification of high accuracy. The project also includes high voltage offline AC to DC converter chip BM2P129TF.
AC Voltage Zero Cross Detection
By monitoring the voltage between the VH_AC1 and VH_AC2 pins, this IC outputs the zero-cross point of AC voltage from the ACOUT pin. These pins have a built-in monitor circuit that tolerates 600 V and they realize high reliability and low power consumption. The ACOUT pin performs an N channel open-drain output and this makes it possible to support various applications. It is necessary for the VH_AC1 pin to be connected to the N side of the AC input and for the VH_AC2 pin to be connected to the L side of the AC input
Note: The circuit operates with potentially lethal voltages, it is advisable to use an isolated probe for measurement using an oscilloscope
This board works with mains high voltage contains lethal voltage and should be handled only by qualified personnel familiar with all safety and operating procedures. Board contains parts that store significant charges even after disconnecting from the power source. Please discharge the capacitors after using the board, and please deal with it after confirming such electric discharge.
Be careful to not allow conductive objects to come into contact with the board. DO NOT touch the board with your bare hands or bring them too close to the board. In addition, as mentioned above please exercise extreme caution when using conductive tools such as tweezers and screwdrivers.
Input-Output Waveforms
Features
Supply Input 90V AC to 264V AC
On Board AC to DC Offline Converter (90VAC-264V AC input, 12V DC Output @ 100mA)
DC Output about 1/100 voltage Approx. 1.1V with 110V AC, 3.3V with 230V AC input
Input Frequency Response 47Hz to 63Hz
Provides Accurate 50Hz Square wave with 230V/50Hz AC Input
Default Output Pulse Delay time = 0uS (Can be Adjust Using R7)
Aux DC Supply Output VCC-12V and 5V DC @ Maximum Load 100mA
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